Cause and Effect Essay - Money Causes Unhappiness -- Cause and Effect E

Although it has been tell that money is the root of all evil, many people actually believe that they would be happier if they were wealthier. Could this be correct? This sample will support the thesis that not only does the pursuit of wealth not lead to happiness it may actually make us unhappy. Tim Kasser has scripted an excellent short book describing the scientific evidence relating to visibleism and happiness. Kasser gives one striking quotation concerning Jim Clark, the founder of Netscape and other computer companies Before Silicon Graphics, Clark said a fortune of $10 million would make him happy before Netscape, $100 million before Healtheon, a billion now, he told Lewis, Once I wear more money than Larry Ellison, Ill be satisfied. Ellison, the founder of the software company Oracle, is worth $13 billion.Kasser first shows that people who are rich are not needs happier than those who are not rich, provided ba... ...ut on the effects of materialism. Regardless of its o rigins, in America materialism works against happiness. This is a thought-provoking book about the pursuit of material goods. Kasser is not a preacher, but a scientist. He presents his evidence carefully, and concludes that materialism is a game not worth playing even on its feature terms of promoting human happiness. Work CitedKasser, Tim. The High Price of Materialism. Cambridge MIT Press, 2002. 149 Pages.

The Withch-hunt In Modern Europe :: essays research papers

THE WITCH-HUNT IN MODERN EUROPE By Brian Levack The Witch-Hunt in Modern Europe by Brian Levack proved to be an interesting as healthy as insightful look at the intriguing world of the European practice of witchcraft and witch-hunts. The book offers a solid, reasonable interpretation of the accusation, prosecution, and execution for witchcraft in Europe between 1450 and 1750. Levack focuses mainly on the circumstances from which the witch-hunts emerged, as this report will examine. The causes of witch-hunting have been sometimes in publications portrayed differently from reality. The hunts were not prisoner escapee type hunts but rather a hunt that involved the identification of individuals who were believed to be engaged in a secret activity. roundtimes schoolmaster witch-hunters carried on the task, but judicial authorities performed most. The cause of most of these hunts is the multi-causal approach, which sees the emergence of new ideas about the witches and changes in the cr iminal law statutes. Both point to study religious changes and a lot of social tension among society. The intellectual foundations of the hunts were attributed to the witchs face-to-face pact with the devil and the periodic meetings of witches to engage in practices considered to be barbaric and heinous. The cumulative concept of witchcraft pointed immediately to the devil, the source of the magic and the one most witches adored. There was strong effect then that witches made pacts with the devil. Some would barter their soul to the devil in exchange for a gift or a taste of well being. Many believed that these witches observed a nocturnal Sabbath where they worshipped the devil and paid their homage to him. They were also accused of being an organization known for its cannibalistic practices of infanticide incest. Another component of this cumulative concept was the belief of the flight of witches. The belief for this was contributed to by the assumption that witches took flight from their homes to goto nocturnal meetings without their absence from home being detected. The belief in flying night witches was shared by many cultures in the modern world. These women were referred to as strigae, which was one of the many Latin terms for witches. As the reader first opens the legal foundations of witch-hunting, one finds that historically it was a judicial process from discovery to elimination. Levack states that before the thirteenth century European courts used a system of criminal procedure that made all crimes herculean to prosecute.

Master Engravers of Fifteenth Century Germany Essay -- Master of the P

When thinking of early artistic prints, perhaps one of the few things that come to mind would be compete cards. In modernity, playing cards are not really considered artistic items. However, during the earliest days of print, playing cards were the original media made by the depression process. Even before the printing press, Europe had a love of cards and, whether they were actually intended to be used for play or for show, the people cute to get their hands on them. Because of the wide spread popularity of cards, it is no surprise that this early print media featured elements that are optically present in new(prenominal) printed media, even to this day. Through the twist of printmakers works on each other(a), these men honed their craft and helped develop printing as a proper art form. The achieve of the Playing Cards and the Master E.S. of 1466 were both major engravers in Germany during the fifteenth century. Distinct subject matter, technique, and prevalence in t heir field has marked them as get the hang of their art a label which has outlived any other identifying information about them. This paper discusses the introduction of printing into Europe and the development of the technique under the influence of these two Masters. The Master of the Playing Cards introduced new subject matter and techniques in his cards, which through his pupil, the Master E.S. of 1466, who replicated and altered these learned skills, went on to spread into other areas of printed medium and marked a path of influence for all who would come after them. Markedly one of the most important developments in the history of visual media was that of the printing press. Brought about by German goldsmith, Johannes Gutenberg, in the mid-fifteenth ... .... Manuscript Sources for the Playing-Card Masters Number Cards. The Art Bulletin 64, no. 4 (1982) 587-600. http//www.jstor.org/stable/3050270 (accessed April 13, 2014).Wright, Harold J.L.. Some Masters of etching Lect ure II German and Netherlands Engravers (Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century). Journal of the Royal Society of the Arts 85, no. 4529 (1939) 1079-1095. http//www.jstor.org/stable/41359422 . (accessed May 9, 2014).Wynne, Marjorie G., and A. Hyatt Mayor. The Art of the Playing Card. The Yale University Library publish 47, no. 3 (1973) 137-184. http//www.jstor.org/stable/40859489 (accessed April 14, 2014).van Buren, Anne H. , and Sheila Edmunds. Playing Cards and Manuscripts Some Widely Disseminated Fifteenth-Century Model Sheets. The Art Bulletin 56, no. 1 (1974) 12-30. http//www.jstor.org/stable/3049193 (accessed April 13, 2014).

Affirmative Action Should Not Be Continued Essay -- argumentative, pers

optimistic action started in the 1960s as a way to end discrimination against African American and later all minorities - including women. By migrating people of all color into workplaces and colleges/universities seemed to be the suit qualified solution to glow our nation. Although blacks had been freed for a 100 years, they continually struggled with segregation. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned the segregation of all sort in the United States, however that was not enough. Congress mandated the approbative action program as a plan of desegregation. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy made reference to this plan, but it was not until September 1965 that it was enforced by President Lyndon Johnson. The program affected federal jobs, to include federal contracting company, and universities. In order to receive federal funding, each entity had to absorb and enroll minorities. Affirmative action was a good jump start to get our nation to where it is today. However, affirm ative action should not be continued because it is a form of discrimination, it is more harmful than helpful, and it supplements race or gender for ones qualification. The government thinks that implementing affirmative action will repair inequality, but it cannot. In the midst of fasten to promote equality, they are promoting discrimination. Discrimination is the violation of ones human rights based on gender, sex, race, ethnicity and/or relation. President Johnson felt that blacks being free and able to go to the same school as Caucasians were not just enough for the past discrimination and turmoil the African Americans went through. Affirmative action was used as a cure to remedy lost times. Sandal made some valid points he noted that th... .../wp-srv/politics/special/affirm/stories/aaop031595.htmMurphy, S. (2010 July 23). Judge tells city to hire four white firefighters. Retrieved from http//www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2003/08/26/judge_tells_city_to_hire_ four_white_firefighters/Plous, S. (2003). Ten myths about affirmative action. Retrieved from http//www.understandingprejudice.org/readroom/articles/affirm.htmPottinger, J. (1972). The drive toward equality. New York Change Magazine.Sandel, M. (2009). Justice Whats the right function to do? New York Farrar, Straus, GirouxSargis, D. (2004 March 2). Race-based college scholarships. Retrieved from http//www.intellectualconservative.com/article3183.htmlTimeline of Affirmative Action Milestone (2010 July, 05). Retrieved from http//www.infoplease.com/spot/affirmativetimeline1.html

Why International Assignments Fail Essay -- International Business Emp

Why International Assignments FailInternational assignments are the hub of international HR which makes the fact that they often fail a great awe to many corporations who make big investments in overseas assignments. As more U.S. companies expand their business overseas, the need to send employees on international assignments will increase, make the process of discovering the reasons for these failures increasingly important. Expatriate employees, meaning employees that are non-citizens of the country in which they are working, often find that unfamiliar surroundings and a new telephone circuit can be particularly challenging, while family pressures also increase as everyone makes cultural adjustments. Another reason for these failures include lack of preparation from the employer. In a 2003 study of more than 700 expatriate workers around the world, nearly forty percent felt their employers did not do an adequate job preparing them for their international assignment. One of the major(ip) steps an employer can take to reduce the uneasiness of going abroad is in selecting the right candidate for the assignment. Just having technical expertise or focal point skills does not make an employee right for international assignments. More important to this particular kind of job is an individuals inherent cultural sensitivity, flexibility, adaptability, and interpersonal communication skills. Regardless of the method, the candidate selection process is the first critical step in an emp...

Why International Assignments Fail Essay -- International Business Emp

Why International Assignments FailInternational assignments are the hub of international HR which makes the fact that they oft fail a great concern to many corporations who make big investments in overseas assignments. As more U.S. companies expand their employment overseas, the need to send employees on international assignments will increase, making the process of discovering the reasons for these failures increasingly important. Expatriate employees, meaning employees that are non-citizens of the country in which they are working, often find that unfamiliar surroundings and a new line of products can be particularly challenging, while family pressures also increase as everyone makes cultural adjustments. some other reason for these failures include lack of preparation from the employer. In a 2003 study of more than 700 expatriate workers around the world, nearly forty percent felt their employers did not do an adequate job preparing them for their international assignment. One of the major steps an employer can take to reduce the uneasiness of going abroad is in selecting the justifiedly candidate for the assignment. Just having technical expertise or management skills does not make an employee right for international assignments. More important to this particular kind of job is an individuals inherent cultural sensitivity, flexibility, adaptability, and interpersonal communication skills. Regardless of the method, the candidate selection process is the first critical step in an emp...

The Fundamentals of Macroeconomics

Before being fitted to grasp what economics has to offer it is important to consider the ground and concepts that ar frequently used in economic. This paper will consist of two parts, part one will explain cardinal terms gross domestic product (GDP), real GDP, nominal GDP, unemployment rate, inflation rate, and finally interest rate. Part two will consist of describing how threesome economic activities, much(prenominal) as purchase of groceries, massive layoff of employees, and slump in taxes. There will also be a few different examples that affect government, home bases, and businesses.(Part one)Start by describing the six economic terms.Gross domestic product (GDP) is the most used economic measure when it deducts to determining the respect of goods and services that are produced in a given class (Colander, 2010). There are four categories to GDPs consumption, government spending, investments, and net exports. The GDP reflects the total amount of both goods and service s that were bought and sold, and there for can measure a unpolished standard of living. It does non account for any goods or services that they may lay down in other countries.Real gross domestic product (RDP) is the final value that is given to a product or service based on the current economy. This type of GDP adjusts with the price levels in order to produce a more accurate number. Nominal gross domestic product (NDP) is the gross domestic product without taking into account inflation and can be conduct because appear to be higher than it really is because it has not been adjusted for inflation. Unemployment rate is the amount of people that are not employed and are looking for work. This reflects save the people who are ability to work, willing to work, and are looking for employment.Inflation rate is a level price of goods and services increasing. Inflation causes the value of the dollar to decrease meaning that people have less purchasing power. The increase in this rate is usually calculated annually, but can also be request monthly.Interest rate is the percentage charged on loans and is charged annually. The higher the risk the borrower is the higher the interest rate this could be because of past experiences, late payments or not paying at all. If the borrower is low risk, then the interest rate will be low.(Part two)There are many activates that affect businesses, household, and government economies, here are three and examples of how purchasing of groceries, massive layoff of employees, and decrease in taxes. The purchasing of groceries by customers controls supply and demand. When the economy is good customers buy more there is greater chances of businesses making a profit, and when the economy is in a recession customer buying power is low. The recession and customers not buying groceries businesses will have to lay people off.The purchasing of groceries also affects the government because the government receives sales tax on the purchase of these items. A massive layoff of employees will cause the unemployment rate to go up, and when people have been layoff they purchase less and collect unemployment. This affects businesses because demand of products and services are down, and they are not making as mush product as they once did. The household is effect with no money coming in they cannot pay their bills, or supply what the family needs to live. The government is affected because the people that were laid off are collecting unemployment from the government.Decrease in taxes happens sometimes when the government has to intervene to slow down or try to reverse a recession. The government uses this policy to lower taxes to experience people more money to spend so businesses can make products. When a business is producing products they are able to buy their workers and hopefully be able to hire more workers to help meet demand. With the decrease of taxes the government will have less money coming in for schools, to fix t he streets, etc.Economics is a ageless cycle people have to work to make money to buy things that the household needs. Businesses need workers to produce productsor services, which they are paid to do. The government relies on the taxes from workers, and businesses. Whenever money is spent there is going to be someone at a loss and someone at a gain, but it seems to always to come around full circle.

Political Philosophy and Brief Critical Evaluation

Sample essay questions? 1. Describe Platos scheme for communism in the Republic. (Discuss each of the main features of this life-style. ) Which classes, according to Plato, should practice this way of living? What apology does Plato offer for advocating communism? Offer a brief critical military rating of Platos communism. PHL 107 study guide for exam 2 page 4 2. (1) Briefly place Platos allegory of the cave. 2) Then state how the allegory expresses Platos position on (a) the place of the Philosopher-Kings in Platos utopia, (b) Platos distinction between opinion and genuine knowledge (wisdom), and (c) Platos position on the motives of the Philosopher-Kings for ruling. 3. (1) What is Platos dualistic metaphysics? (2) How is this metaphysics expressed in the allegory of the cave? (3) How is it tie in to his position on the nature of the human individual? 4. (1) What is Platos assessment of democracy, and (2) how is this linked to his theory of jurist? 3) How might a contemporary d efender of democracy respond to Plato? 5. What is the mimetic theory of art? Did Plato invent this theory? Did he accept it? How is this theory related to Platos criticisms of the arts? 6. (1) What two reasons does Plato give for proposing to banish the arts from his Republic? (2) How is his position on the arts related (a) to his Theory of Ideas and (b) his position on the highest inclination of human living? (3) Offer a brief critical evaluation of Platos position on the arts. . (1) What does Rawls mean by the original position . . . under(a) the blur of ignorance and how does this serve as the basis for his theory of justice? (2) What are his two principles of justice? Explain the two principles.? (3) Offer a brief critical evaluation of his theory of justice. 8. (1) Starting with Rawls original position . . . under the veil of ignorance, do you think you would arrive at a principle or principles of justice kindred to those of Rawls, or if different ones, which?Defend your po sition. (2) As part of your answer give a clear statement of what Rawls means by the original position . . . under the veil of ignorance. 9. (1) What is Aquinass causal strain for the existence of God (the 2nd of his five telephone circuits)? Sketch the argument. (2) Critically evaluate the argument. What appears to be the weakest part of the argument? Do you think the argument can be defended in the character of this proposed weakness? Explain. 10. (1) What is the design argument for the existence of God?You may present every Aquinass (his 5th) or William Paleys or the fine-tuning version of the argument (but only one). (2) Why does Darwins theory of evolution appear to undermine Aquinas and Paleys version of the design argument? Why does Darwins theory not affect the fine-tuning argument? (3) Do you think that there is some way of salvaging the design argument in the face of Darwins theory? Defend your position. 11. Describe Hobbes state of nature. What kind of a concept is t his historical, empirical, anthropological, analytic? Explain.Offer your own critical evaluation of Hobbes notion of the state of nature? Do you think it is a useful concept? Is it true? Defend your position. 12. Hobbes argues that each person has the resources within themselves to crucify the state of nature.? (1) What are these resources and how do they help the person to overcome the state of nature? (2) But why, for Hobbes, are these internal resources insufficient? Why is a very strong sovereign also needed to overcome the state of nature? (3) What role does contract or covenant play in overcoming the state of nature?

Why Did Korea Fall Victim To Japanese Imperialism History Essay

This essay tries to lucubrate the causes which contri plown(prenominal)lyed to the autumn of Korea to japanese imperialism by foremost analyzing the phylogeny of Nipponese imperialism, and so looking into the tilts between japan and its cardinal major competitions, viz. chinaware and Russia in their project over Korea.In 1853, lacquer was reapd to open itself to the outside universe by the United States. It was so pressured by the imperialist strengths to subscribe unequal accordances which granted aliens in japan extraterritoriality and which imposed on lacquer low duty rates. Reduced to the semi-colonial position, lacquer in all of a sudden realized that the universe was non a safe topographic consign. In order to forestall world farther subjugated by the Hesperian powers, the leaders of the Meiji authorities which was formed in 1868 after the ruin of the Tokugawa Shogunate, formulated a chauvinistic policy of fukoku kyA?hei ( rich raise, strong troops ) , qualif ying japan s finishs to catch up with the Hesperian powers economically and to increase its war machine strength to control its position as an independent situate. The preparation of the policy initiated the development of Nipponese imperialism.Development of Nipponese ImperialismThere were several earths for the development of Nipponese imperialism. First was the concern for its security and refuge. Japan s demand for security intensified as authorities leaders recognized the demand to beef up the defence of Japan against Russia and other occidental powers. Bing cognizant of the advanced technological accomplishments and soldiers laid-back quality of the West, Japan had frights of invasion from Western states such as Russia. Furthermore, China was militarily and economically frail to the extent that Japan was concerned that China would pass on in to a lower come forth the subjugation of the Western powers, which would hold profound negative impact on the security of J apan. Yamagata Aritomo, mannish parent of the modern Nipponese ground forces, who advocated demand of enlargement more out of security ground than of conquest ground, recommended that Japan non merely protect its ain sovereignty but anyway its farm animal of involvement, which meant that Japan should non merely guarantee the security in the fatherland, but besides need to widen its function and control to the continent in order to guarantee its security. Control over Korea was hence a authoritative component in protecting Japan against Western states because of the two states geographical proximity and Korea being adjoin with some(prenominal) China and Russia. That the Korea peninsular as a sticker pointed at Japan should non fall in hostile custodies was a chief end of Nipponese foreign policy.The 2nd ground that Japan embarked on imperialism was the aspiration from the Western powers. Japan had been detecting and larning from the Western powers intense competitions and i mperialistic acquisitions. From its acrimonious experience, Japan learned that imperialism would assist work more resources which could ease a state to develop faster. Fukuzawa Yukichi and other authors supported foreign expansionism. Japan subsequently applied what she learned from the Western powers to Korea in on the dot the format that she was treated by the Western powers.The 3rd ground that gave rise to Nipponese imperialism was Japan s belief in its bit of leading for Asia states. Many Nipponese leaders came to the belief that Japan had a manifest fate to liberate the Asiatic states from Western imperialistic powers and to riposte them to collective strength and prosperity. Some ultranationalist gatherings such as the Black Dragon party, every bit good as some influential authors, became bring for struggledively popular. These groups and authors hold the positions that Japan should take the function of leading in Asia to throw out foreign powers. They believed that the Yamato race as posterities of the Sun goddess entitled the Japanese to such a function. In 1905, Japan s triumph over Russia in the Russo-Japanese war made Japan the first Asiatic state to get the better of a Western power. This position farther bolstered Japan s belief in its function to take Asia and tried to convert other Asiatic states that merely under the Nipponese leading would they stand a opportunity to throw out Western imperialism.From the beginning of the Meiji Period in 1868, Japan sought to do the state an industrial and military power similar to that of the Western imperialist powers. The Meiji leaders desire to turn Japan into a ace state ( itto koku ) besides included the power and prestigiousness derived from foreign territorial ownerships. Therefore, it was inevitable that Japan would fall in the 9 of the powers in demands for privileges and rights in other Asiatic states. However, the Meiji authorities realized that its military needed to be modernized and strengthened before it pre moveed its demands to the Western powers. Although the Meiji oligarchs were restraint in the outward looks of imperialism in the early old ages of the Meiji period, this did non connote that they dis hold with the aims of foreign enlargement. They considered it required that focal point should be on modernisation and economic growing to catch up with Western industrial powers prior to taking any momentant stairss to spread out Japan s influence in foreign affairs.To catch up with the Western powers and shorten the procedure in the development of imperialism, Japan had to emulate the bing theoretical accounts from the Western powers. Japan had been rolling the way of its imperialism enlargement. In fact, the pick proved to be excessively much, and Japan tried to play for safety by aping both(prenominal) of the two major powers, Britain and Germany, and waiting to see in which way the battle would finally travel. Though it appeared to be prudent, the poli cy was dearly-won, for the creative action at law of both a big ground forces and a big naval forces imposed an inordinate load on a less developed state like Japan. Therefore, Britain, the paramount Power of the twenty-four hours, seemed to be the obvious and surely the most popular paradigm. The similarities that both states are in place of a group of islands situated near to a Continental land-mass, implying a similar involvement in the balance of power, and the evident success of the British method of back uping a turning population by intensive industrialisation and abroad trade, convinced Japan that emulating the Britain theoretical account would function her ain best involvements. In add-on, since both Britain and Japan so felt threatened by the identical competition, viz. Russia, a stronger bond besides grew up between the two states. In 1902, Britain, the conglomerate on which the Sun neer sets, entered into an confederation with Japan, the Empire of the Rising Sun. However, the prevailing samurai leading in the Nipponese military tradition, instinctively regarded the ground forces as of enormous importance, and was determined that its modernisation should followed the theoretical accounts of the taking military state in the West which, in 1868, was the Gallic. Indeed, and mostly for this ground, Gallic prestigiousness stood 2nd merely to that of Britain, in the eyes of the Meiji leading. However, the Swift and unexpected result of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 showed the Gallic military repute to be out of day of the month. To those Nipponeses who had most admired the Second Empire, it was a profound daze. With characteristic pragmatism, Japan began to look alternatively to the Germans, who had non merely defeated the Gallic but at the same garment had achieved national fusion under the Prussian monarchy in the new Reich of 1871. German s public presentation was of exceeding involvement to Japan. Therefore, non merely did the Nipponese switch from Gallic to German exploitation for their ground forces, whose organisation was wholly remodelled in 1878, but by the 1880s were trusting to a great extent on German expertness in many other Fieldss as good, notably in medical specialty and industrial and commercial pattern.While, on the one manus, the dramatic due east progress of Russian imperialism was showing a turning menace to the mainland instantly opposite the Nipponese islands. As the Russians turned their attending farther due souths in lead of ice-free ports and, after building began on the Trans-Siberian Railway in 1891, the menace to Korea, and by deduction therefore to Japan itself, became acute. By necessity, Japan had to undertake the quick clientele on the continent on its west alternatively of traveling South, which was wholly different from the historical British attack of avoiding Continental webs. Japan allowed herself to be drawn, through the peninsulas, of all time more closely into the personal businesss of the mainland.Korea s Traditional Relations with China and JapanAt the beginning of the 19th century Korea continued to love the stable relationships with China and Japan as she had done for the past 160 old ages. With China, Korea maintained a liqueur relationship which was based on the Chinese claim of suzerainty over Korea. The authorities of Korea sent regular missions transporting testimonials to the emperor of China at least one time a twelvemonth, normally at the trimming of the winter solstice, and irregular missions on other particular(prenominal) occasions, as an look of its entry to China. The Chinese authorities reciprocated by directing imperial missions on particular occasions such as the decease of an of import royal individual or the coronation of a new male monarch. With Japan, Korea had maintained contact on two degrees. Since the early 17th century, Korea had sent occasional communicating envoys to Edo transporting congratulatory messages on the acc ession of a new shogun. Their maps normally were largely ceremonial. Korea besides maintained a much closer relationship with the feudal feoff in the islands that lay across the Korean Strait between southwesterly Japan and the Korean peninsula. Poor in natural resources, Tsushima depended much on Korean trade for their support. The daimyo of Tsushima had long entered into a quasi tributary relationship with the Korean male monarch, which gave him the monopoly of Nipponese trade with Korea, and besides had served as a diplomatic mediator between the authoritiess in Edo and Seoul.Korea had suffered vastly at the custodies of these two neighbours. First by the Japanese who, under the hegemonic Toyotomi Hideyoshi, invaded Korea in the late 16th century. After the Manchu conquering of China in 1644, the opinion house of Yi Korea suffered much adversity at the custodies of the Manchus who suspect the Koreans of pro-Ming motivations. From these traumatic experiences, Korea developed alone policies of Sadae ( serving the great China ) and Gyorin ( neighborly dealingss with Japan ) that tried to keep good relationship with both China and Japan. The end of these relationships was to exclude all intercourse between Korea and China and Japan, except for formalistic ceremonial exchanges of minister plenipotentiary and limited trade conducted under close official supervising. In both relationships, even though the 1 with China was unequal in position and the other with Japan was equal, that the tributary missions to China and the communicating envoys to Japan were dispatched horse sense Korea s desire to maintain these two neighbours at a safe distance. The two policies besides complemented one another by subjecting themselves to China s suzerain claim, the Koreans gained a defensive confederation against Japan on the other manus, the Gyorin relationship non merely enabled Korea to hold control on Nipponese seamans torment along its sea shores, but besides gave Korea a utile bargaining place against China as a buffer on the Chinese northeasterly frontier. The two policies had served Korea good in maintaining the two neighbours at bay.With the enlargement of Western powers in the North East Asia, Japan became more concerned about the state of affairs in Korea. issue of the fright of Russian enlargement, the Nipponese adhered to a policy of prefering the independency of Korea and the constitution of diplomatic dealingss with the great powers as a possible agency of preventing any Russian aspirations to annex or busy the peninsula. In 1868 a particular Nipponese minister plenipotentiary was dispatched to Korea to inform the authorities of the Imperial Restoration that had taken topographic point in Japan and to discourse the constitution of diplomatic dealingss, but the Korean Court refused to keep with him. In the undermentioned twelvemonth two more Nipponese missions were besides rebuffed by the Korean Government. In 1872 another mission who wa s accompanied by two war vessels besides failed in an attempt to discourse a commercial pact. These apathetic reactions of the Korean Government greatly inflamed Nipponese public sentiment and some even called for war against the Korean. Soejima Taneomi, so interim irrelevant Minister, was sent to inform the Chinese Government of Japan s attitude and policy refering Korea. In Peking, the functionaries informed Soejima that, while Korea was a liege province, China was non creditworthy for the Korean internal personal businesss and the jobs of peace or war. Upon returning to Japan, Soejima urged his authorities to occupy and suppress Korea. But Emperor Meiji decided to settle the Korean job by peaceful agencies since Japan was non yet strong plenty to transport out expensive abroad wars. In 1875, a Nipponese committee was sent to Korea to negociate a pact of cordiality and commercialism. This clip the mission was instructed to use the house methods that had been so successfully emplo yed by Perry and Harris against Japan before. At the same clip, Japan obtained confidences from China that no expostulation would be raised to diplomatic treatments provided the pact was restricted to the gap of Korea to commerce. Under the Nipponese force per unit area, Korea gestural the accord of Kianghwa, which provided for the constitution of diplomatic dealingss, the gap of three ports, and exterritorial legal power over Nipponese subjects. One of the most important commissariats was Article I, which stipulated that Korea, being an independent State, enjoys the same crowned head rights as does Nippon. This proviso was the first measure in Japan s program to detach Korea from the suzerainty of China.Japan s competition with China and RussiaFrom 1976 to 1894, Japan and China engaged in a series of struggle over the control of Korea. One some occasions the struggles were at the shore of war. These struggles resulted in Japan s increasing and China s diminishing influence in K orean personal businesss. Japan did non desire to travel to war with China because of deficiency of house strong belief that China could be defeated. During this period, Korea underwent an internal convulsion between the cabals of siamese connection Om Kun, who was pro-Chinese, and the Min Family. The Nipponese authorities was deeply concerned in the state of affairs and feared that unless Korea were rapidly reformed and a stable authorities established, some powerful states such as Russia might take it as a stalking-horse for intercession. On July 23, 1882, Tai Om Kun encouraged a rabble of rebellious Korean military personnels to assail the Nipponese legateship and seized the mightiness and Queen. The royal household managed to get away, and the Nipponese minster and his staff fought their manner to board a British vas and returned to Japan. The minster subsequently returned to Korea, accompanied by a force of 800 military personnels and 3 patrol cars. Offer to be a go-between, C hina besides sent war vessels and a force of 4,000 military personnels to Korea. The Chinese seized and took Tai Om Kun to China. Japan turned down the mediation offer and carried out direct dialogues with the Korean Government. An catch was subsequently reached between Japan and Korea. The Korean authorities was pressure to pay an insurance to Japan, to penalize the persons involved in the indignation, and to admit the right of Japan to post military forces in Korea. Despite the sign language of the Treaty of Kianghwa, China still considered Korea a dependent province of China. In September 1882, China concluded a commercial convention with Korea, repeating that Korea was still a tributary province of China. The Korean Government concluded this convention in a hope that China might be able to look into on the Nipponese incursion. In 1884, China involved in a war with France. In fright that a direct war with China at this clip might give other powers chances to step in in Korea, J apan wanted to hold a peaceable colony with China. A mission was so sent to Tientsin for direct treatments with China on the position of Korea. While the treatments were in advancement, the war between France and China came to an terminal to the advantage of China, which gave China a stronger place in the treatment. In April 1885, the two sides came to an understanding that both states would retreat military personnels from Korea, and that in the hereafter neither state would direct military personnels into Korea without advising the other in progress. The understanding was a farther measure on the Nipponese side in that it gave Japan the same right over Korea as that of China.Despite of its success of upgrading its place equal to that of China, Japan was still concerned of its security in respects to Korea, whose geographical location and internal status still was a bait to the powers such as Russia to hold a manus in. Japan believed that the failing of the Korean Government would finally ask for foreign intercession. The ideal method to cover with this potency was to manage the Korea internal personal businesss harmonizing to the Nipponese theoretical account, sooner done by Japan itself. Therefore, China was regarded as an obstruction. Merely when the Chinese influence was eradicated could Japan presume the place of primary influence over the Korean Government. On the other manus, China still attempted to derive complete control over Korea by reinstalling Tai Om Kun back to Korea and to blockade Japan at every chance.The competition finally led to war. In 1893, the alleged Tong Hak Society ( Society of Eastern Learning ) broke out a rebellion against the maladministration of the Korean Government. In June1894, at the petition of the Korean King, China deployed a big experience of military personnels to Korea and informed Japan of the deployment harmonizing to the 1885 understanding between the two sides. In neglect of the Chinese p impudence, Japan beside s dispatched military personnels to Korea. However, by the clip both Chinese and Nipponese military personnels arrived, the rebellion had been brought under control by the Korean Government. The King requested the backdown of the Chinese and Nipponese military personnels, which was refused. two sided insisted that the other withdrew foremost. On July 24, under the force per unit area from Japan, the Korean King authorized Japan to throw out the Chinese military personnels. On July 25, China and Japan went to war. The Chinese military personnels were no lucifer for the better trained and better equipped Nipponese military personnels. In September, Nipponese military personnels captured Pyongyang and began its thrust toward the Yalu River in chase of the crumpling Chinese military personnels. The Nipponese naval forces besides scored a decisive triumph at the conflict of the discolour Sea. The Nipponese military personnels subsequently landed in grey Manchuria and on the Shandong p eninsula. Fearing that farther opposition would ensue in an onslaught on its capital Peking, China consented to negociate peace. A pact was signed at Shimonoseki on April 17, 1895. Harmonizing to the pact, China had to pay a immense insurance to Japan, and to yield Taiwan, the Pescadores Islands and the Liaotung Peninsula. In the pact, China was obligate to officially recognized Korea as a crowned head and independent province. However, merely six yearss after subscribing the pact, Germany, Russia, and France organized a tripower intercession to coerce Japan to reconstruct the Liaodong peninsula to China.The triumph in the Sino-Japanese was of great significance to Japan s route to imperialism. Besides winning a bridgehead on the mainland by guardianship paramount influence on the Korean peninsula, the acquisition of Taiwan offered both an agriculturally rich sphere to Japan and a strategically of import island out of the southern seashore of China. The immense insurance fueled to speed up the enlargement of Nipponese industries. Most of import of all, Japan now stood up as a great power, recognized by the other great powers as every bit powerful. Japan became a fully fledged member in the nine of imperialist powers. In 1902, Japan and Britain entered a common defence confederation, which in consequence recognized Japan as one of the universe s great powers.However, Japan had another competition to cover with before it could to the full exert its power to run Korean personal businesss. With China holding eliminated from Korean personal businesss, Russia seized the chance to widen its influence on the peninsula. After several failed efforts to peacefully settle the struggles of their involvements in Korea and Manchuria, in February, 1904, Japan went to war with Russia. The war was a military catastrophe for Russia. The Nipponese ground forces moved from triumph to triumph in the conflict field. On May 27, the Nipponese navy virtually destructing the Russia fl eet in the conflict of Tsushima. The two sides eventually agreed to negociate peace as the two sides were exhausted both militarily and economically by the war. A pact was signed on September 5, 1905. In the pact, Russia acknowledged Japan s overriding political, military and economic involvements in Korea.The Fall of KoreaNumerous understandings were exchanged between Japan and Korea during the last three decennaries of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth century, which incrementally and jointly culminated to the 1910 appropriation pact in which Korea became a district of Japan. Of these understandings, the most of import 1s were those made in 1904 and 1905, which resulted in Korea going a associated state of Japan, and a 1907 understanding which placed the Korean internal personal businesss in the manus of Japan s Resident-General.In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, Korea became a quasi-protectorate of Japan. On 22 August 1904, Korea agreed to follow the advice of Japan sing betterments in disposal , while Japan agreed to guarantee the safety and rest of the Imperial House of Korea and vouch the independency and territorial unity of Korea.After the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Korea became a full associated state of Japan. In the understanding signed on 17 November 1905, Japan agreed to stand for Korea in its dealingss with other states and to protect the topics and involvements of Korea in other states. As Korea s placeholder in foreign personal businesss, Japan would intercede all bing and future pacts between Korea and other states.On 24 July 1907, Korea and Japan signed an understanding which gave the Resident-General the authorization to the full control of Korea s domestic personal businesss.On 22 August, 1910, the Emperor of Korea ceded his sovereignty over Korea to the Emperor of Japan. On 29 August, 1910, the give was announced to the universe at big and became lawfully effectual.Japan s logic of appropriation was simply following the enchiridion by John W. Foster, the reason US Secretary of State who argued in a widely circulated reference before the National Geographic Society, in 1897, that the United States should annex Hawaii, other than shake off it associated state, in order to forestall it from falling into the custodies of a rival and possible enemy, viz. Japan. Foster s statements were exactly what Japan had in head. A decennary subsequently, Japan decided that Korea should be an built-in portion of Japan, and non merely a associated state. In fact, it is dramatic that the tactics that Japan applied to open Korea was following precisely what the US had taught Japan in 1853.DecisionNipponese imperialism was different from its opposite number of the Western powers . Unlike imperialism of the Western powers whose major aims was economic, at the early phase of Japan s imperialistic enlargement, security was the primary thrust. Therefore, Japan s imperialistic enlargement at the early phase was instead prudent and less aggressive. Having experienced the resentment of being oppressed by the Western powers, Japan was sensitive in term of its ain security. Even though the unexpected economic additions from suppressing and from immense insurance, every bit good as the pride and prestigiousness were added to its drift at the ulterior phase of enlargements, security was still the taking concern. Japan believed that a weak authorities would take to foreign intercession. The autumn of Korea to the Western powers would jeopardize her ain security, so would the autumn of China and other Asiatic states. Since Asiatic states could non reform their authoritiess on their ain, it was necessary for Japan to presume the leading and take the duty to convey alterations to those states by usage of force. By making so, Japan could finally guarantee her ain security. The geographical importance with a weak authorities of Korea, and the concern of security of Japan and the sense of duty, were the causes that turned Korea victim of Nipponese imperialism.

Discuss Theories of Communication

P2 hash out theories of parley. Part A The conversation cycle per second is a commonly use theory of communication. It was primary developed by Charles Berner in 1965 it was accordingly modified by Michael Argyle, who was a social psychologist, in 1972. The concept of a communication cycle makes it clear that, in order to have effective communication, it must be a two way process. As well as transferring declares to other(a)s in a definite, clear way, health care professionals must be adequate to respond to the communicatory feedback as well as the non-verbal feedback.So, effective communication has to involve hunting expedition from both(prenominal) participators (both the sender as well as the receiving system) in the communication. The communication cycle has six tips. arcdegree unrivaled is when ideas occur, this makes us figure and assess the lieu that we are in before we start to pass. We need to destine about what we are trying to say, and how to say th is in a clear, effective way. distributor point two is when the gist is coded and here we have to be aware(p) of the contrasting modes that we can use to send our message.We should try and consider the to a greater extent or less effective communication method depending on the situation and the person with whom we will be communicating. degree three is when the message reaps sent. We need to make original that we have chosen the most effective method of communication, and that we have use this communication method in the most correct way. We should not try and rush the message world sent be sire that could cause misunderstanding between the two people who are communicating. Stage four is whenever the message go bads perceived by the murderer.The service user has to make sense of the message given to them. As health care professionals, we should be aware of the capability difficulties and be aware of how to strickle steps in order to lessen these difficulties. Stage fiv e is when the message gets decoded. The service user tries to make sum of what you have just announced to them. Here, we have to clarify and check out how much of the in pulpation is being understood. This clarification should be carried out on a continual basis, not just at the end of the conversation.Fin onlyy, stage six is whenever the message gets understood, and then the receiver of the message then becomes the sender of the new message in the form of feedback. You must whollyow plenty of time for feedback, remembering that it will be both verbal and nonverbal this involves listening with your eyes, ears and automobile trunk language. Part B Mrs Hedges is a resident in a nursing home. Recently, her hearing has declined and she now relies on a hearing aid to encapable communication. Three weeks ago, Mrs Hedges granddaughter was involved in an accident and since been in hospital.Her family have been reluctant to tell Mrs Hedges of her granddaughters train as they do not want to upset her. Mrs Hedges was utilise to seeing her granddaughter on a regular basis she often popped in on her take in to spend time with her granny. Mrs Hedges has started to worry about her granddaughter and the family have asked that you financial aid them infract the news. . A kind without communication will definitely fail. If you attempt to have a relationship without communication, both people involved in the relationship will have different goals and objectives. ANGEL, G, 2010. Title The importance of the communication cycle. 16. 10. 12. Available from World neat Web <http//www. helium. com/items/1746915-communication-cycle> The importance of the communication cycle cannot and should not be underestimated. Below, I am going to discuss why I think it is important to add up the communication cycle and why it is important for effective communication. The sender should be aware that the person with whom they will be communicating is hard of hearing, and are wearin g a hearing aid.The dispatcher of the communication should be able to select the most effective form of communication in order to communicate the message at hand. The sender must think about how to communicate the message in a sensitive way that the receiver will understand. The communicator should be on the analogous take as the receiver of the communication this allows the receiver (Mrs Hedges) to read facial expression and, if possible, lip read. Being on the same level as the receiver of the communication, too allows them to focus and listen more efficiently.The talker must thoroughly think through what he or she is going to say, and the method in which they want to say it. They must evaluate and decide whether to use verbal or nonverbal communication, or a mix of the two. If they have chosen verbal communication, they must figure out a way to communicate in a non-patronising way that will still be as effective. If nonverbal communication is chosen, the correct method of nonv erbal communication should be chosen. impressive communication must happen in order to meet Mrs Hedges needs, to help her feel re assured, safe and secure.In this particular case, I think that a mix of both verbal and nonverbal communication is requisite. Using speech along with caring and tranquilize touch will be effective in making Mrs Hedges feel cared for and safe. The communicator should speak in a normal fashion that Mrs Hedges will not take on condescending, but that you speak in a slightly pokey pace than usual this makes your speech clearer. Communicate the message to Mrs Hedges at a time when she is least(prenominal) likely to be tired, as when you are tired, your hearing is fall anyway.Verbal communication is so important, especially when delivering such a delicate message, so make sure to use simple, short censures, and make sure that MRs Hedges has understood, you could do this by asking questions such as are you following me? or Do you have any questions, Mr s Hedges? . If she hasnt understood the message, refrain from repeating the same sentence over again, instead the sender of the message should try re-phrasing the sentence. Nonverbally, facial expression and hand movements, body language and touch are vital.If Mrs Hedges gets upset, it is important that the communicator re assures her by caring gestures, such as gentle, friendly touch, the carer could put their hand on Mrs Hedges shoulder, to comfort her. The carer must be able to communicate effectively to Mrs Hedges so that Mrs Hedges fully understands the message. This is also important as it is useful to know how to effectively communicate so that Mrs Hedges needs are met and that she feels safe, secure and re-assured. This will also help her feel valued, and her self-esteem will be boosted by default as the communication is 100% effective.Part C Another theory of communication is Tuckmans theory of meeting development. First developed by Bruce Tuckman in 1965, it is one of th e more well-known crowd/ group development theories and has been the basis of many other ideas since its birth. Tuckmans theory focuses on the way that a group tackles a task from the sign formation of the team up right the way through to the purpose of the given project. Tuckmans theory is relevant in particular to team building challenges as separately individual phase can affect the utmost of the task at hand.Basically, Tuckmans model explains that, as the team develops maturity and ability, the relationships within the team get more established, and the leader changes his or her leadership style, according to the developmental stage of the group. In this group development cycle, there are four main stages although afterward on, Tuckman added a fifth stage to the cycle (although this is not used by everybody). The first stage, forming, is the stage where the group is put together for the first time, and where all the group members meet one another for the first time, so naturally, this is the most awkward stage of the developmental cycle.The group is thought to be at the honeymoon stage- the group members are all naturally shy, and are all aware of their feelings and the feelings of others. In this stage, there is a high dependence on the leader by most of the team members, for guidance and direction. There is little accordment between team members on the aims and purposes of the team, other than what is given by the team leader. Individual roles and responsibilities of team members are somewhat unclear.The leader should be prepared as the team members will have a lot of questions to ask, and the leader will have to be surefooted so that the team members can feel confident too, and also they will have a sense of security. The second stage, storming, is the stage where the most bout occurs. The team will begin to gain comfort with one another, and so the team will start to address the task suggesting possible ideas, and different ideas may compe te for the favour of the group, and if this is badly managed, it can result in being very destructive for the team.This phase is described as the make or break moments for the team, as in the team relationships will either me do or broken. In this stage, it is essential that the team has a strong facilitative leadership in this phase. There is a stronger clarity of purpose, but plenty of uncertainties persist. Cliques and factions form and there might be power struggles within the group. The third stage, Norming, is where the team begins to find their feet a bit more.The norming phase is a gradual move towards symphonious team- functional. The team becomes more united and begins to agree on rules, purposes, values and aims on which they all agree to operate. In an ideal world, teams will begin to trust themselves more and from each one member will begin to value the contribution of other team members. In this phase, you will find that the team leader is able to take a step back as individual members become more comfortable with each other and so take on greater responsibility.A potential risk during the norming stage is that the team will become complacent and will lose their inventive edge or the motivation that brought them to the team in the first place. The group on a whole is able to make larger decisions, and smaller decisions get delegated to individual team members, adding to the harmony of the group. Outside of the team environment the team members may engage in social activities together. The fourth stage, performing, is when the team members are working at their optimum level as a united body.The group can be described as being in flow all of the team members are contributing equally to the team and as a result of this the team is making excellent progress. When I think of a good team working together as one, I think of the metaphor of a human body every part of the human body is involve for the body to work properly and at optimum level, a nd this is the same as a team working together. In this stage of group development, each group member can help the other members out by giving them advice, instruction and constructive criticism where necessary.Teams that are performing at optimum level are identified by high independence levels and motivation is evident as well as each team member being exceedingly competent and knowledgeable in the aims they want to achieve, and the main ideas of their team project. Decision making within the team is done as one entity and each team member has a high level of respect for each individual team member. PART D (TO BE DONE NEXT WEEK) http//www. teambuilding. co. uk/Forming_Storming_Norming_Performing. html http//www. businessballs. com/tuckmanformingstormingnormingperforming. htmDiscuss Theories of CommunicationP2 Discuss theories of communication. Part A The communication cycle is a commonly used theory of communication. It was first developed by Charles Berner in 1965 it was then mo dified by Michael Argyle, who was a social psychologist, in 1972. The concept of a communication cycle makes it clear that, in order to have effective communication, it must be a two way process. As well as transferring messages to others in a definite, clear way, health care professionals must be able to respond to the verbal feedback as well as the non-verbal feedback.So, effective communication has to involve effort from both participators (both the sender as well as the receiver) in the communication. The communication cycle has six stages. Stage one is when ideas occur, this makes us think and assess the situation that we are in before we start to communicate. We need to think about what we are trying to say, and how to say this in a clear, effective way. Stage two is when the message is coded and here we have to be aware of the different methods that we can use to send our message.We should try and consider the most effective communication method depending on the situation and the person with whom we will be communicating. Stage three is when the message gets sent. We need to make sure that we have chosen the most effective method of communication, and that we have used this communication method in the most correct way. We should not try and rush the message being sent because that could cause misunderstanding between the two people who are communicating. Stage four is whenever the message gets perceived by the receiver.The service user has to make sense of the message given to them. As health care professionals, we should be aware of the potential difficulties and be aware of how to take steps in order to lessen these difficulties. Stage five is when the message gets decoded. The service user tries to make meaning of what you have just communicated to them. Here, we have to clarify and check out how much of the information is being understood. This clarification should be carried out on a continual basis, not just at the end of the conversation.Finally, stage six is whenever the message gets understood, and then the receiver of the message then becomes the sender of the new message in the form of feedback. You must allow plenty of time for feedback, remembering that it will be both verbal and nonverbal this involves listening with your eyes, ears and body language. Part B Mrs Hedges is a resident in a nursing home. Recently, her hearing has declined and she now relies on a hearing aid to enable communication. Three weeks ago, Mrs Hedges granddaughter was involved in an accident and since been in hospital.Her family have been reluctant to tell Mrs Hedges of her granddaughters condition as they do not want to upset her. Mrs Hedges was used to seeing her granddaughter on a regular basis she often popped in on her own to spend time with her granny. Mrs Hedges has started to worry about her granddaughter and the family have asked that you help them break the news. . A relationship without communication will definitely fail. If you atte mpt to have a relationship without communication, both people involved in the relationship will have different goals and objectives. ANGEL, G, 2010. Title The importance of the communication cycle. 16. 10. 12. Available from World Wide Web <http//www. helium. com/items/1746915-communication-cycle> The importance of the communication cycle cannot and should not be underestimated. Below, I am going to discuss why I think it is important to follow the communication cycle and why it is important for effective communication. The sender should be aware that the person with whom they will be communicating is hard of hearing, and are wearing a hearing aid.The dispatcher of the communication should be able to select the most effective form of communication in order to communicate the message at hand. The sender must think about how to communicate the message in a sensitive way that the receiver will understand. The communicator should be on the same level as the receiver of the communic ation this allows the receiver (Mrs Hedges) to read facial expression and, if possible, lip read. Being on the same level as the receiver of the communication, also allows them to focus and listen more efficiently.The speaker must thoroughly think through what he or she is going to say, and the method in which they want to say it. They must evaluate and decide whether to use verbal or nonverbal communication, or a mix of the two. If they have chosen verbal communication, they must figure out a way to communicate in a non-patronising way that will still be as effective. If nonverbal communication is chosen, the correct method of nonverbal communication should be chosen. Effective communication must happen in order to meet Mrs Hedges needs, to help her feel re assured, safe and secure.In this particular case, I think that a mixture of both verbal and nonverbal communication is requisite. Using speech along with caring and reassuring touch will be effective in making Mrs Hedges feel ca red for and safe. The communicator should speak in a normal fashion that Mrs Hedges will not find condescending, but that you speak in a slightly slower pace than usual this makes your speech clearer. Communicate the message to Mrs Hedges at a time when she is least likely to be tired, as when you are tired, your hearing is decreased anyway.Verbal communication is so important, especially when delivering such a delicate message, so make sure to use simple, short sentences, and make sure that MRs Hedges has understood, you could do this by asking questions such as are you following me? or Do you have any questions, Mrs Hedges? . If she hasnt understood the message, refrain from repeating the same sentence over again, instead the sender of the message should try re-phrasing the sentence. Nonverbally, facial expression and hand movements, body language and touch are vital.If Mrs Hedges gets upset, it is important that the communicator re assures her by caring gestures, such as gentle, friendly touch, the carer could put their hand on Mrs Hedges shoulder, to comfort her. The carer must be able to communicate effectively to Mrs Hedges so that Mrs Hedges fully understands the message. This is also important as it is useful to know how to effectively communicate so that Mrs Hedges needs are met and that she feels safe, secure and re-assured. This will also help her feel valued, and her self-esteem will be boosted by default as the communication is 100% effective.Part C Another theory of communication is Tuckmans theory of group development. First developed by Bruce Tuckman in 1965, it is one of the more well-known group/team development theories and has been the basis of many other ideas since its birth. Tuckmans theory focuses on the way that a team tackles a task from the initial formation of the team right the way through to the completion of the given project. Tuckmans theory is relevant in particular to team building challenges as each individual phase can affe ct the completion of the task at hand.Basically, Tuckmans model explains that, as the team develops maturity and ability, the relationships within the team get more established, and the leader changes his or her leadership style, according to the developmental stage of the group. In this group development cycle, there are four main stages although later on, Tuckman added a fifth stage to the cycle (although this is not used by everybody). The first stage, forming, is the stage where the group is put together for the first time, and where all the group members meet one another for the first time, so naturally, this is the most awkward stage of the developmental cycle.The group is thought to be at the honeymoon stage- the group members are all naturally shy, and are all aware of their feelings and the feelings of others. In this stage, there is a high dependence on the leader by most of the team members, for guidance and direction. There is little compact between team members on the aims and purposes of the team, other than what is given by the team leader. Individual roles and responsibilities of team members are somewhat unclear.The leader should be prepared as the team members will have a lot of questions to ask, and the leader will have to be confident so that the team members can feel confident too, and also they will have a sense of security. The second stage, storming, is the stage where the most conflict occurs. The team will begin to gain comfort with one another, and so the team will start to address the task suggesting possible ideas, and different ideas may compete for the favour of the group, and if this is badly managed, it can result in being very destructive for the team.This phase is described as the make or break moments for the team, as in the team relationships will either me made or broken. In this stage, it is essential that the team has a strong facilitative leadership in this phase. There is a stronger clarity of purpose, but plenty of u ncertainties persist. Cliques and factions form and there might be power struggles within the group. The third stage, Norming, is where the team begins to find their feet a bit more.The norming phase is a gradual move towards harmonious team-working. The team becomes more united and begins to agree on rules, purposes, values and aims on which they all agree to operate. In an ideal world, teams will begin to trust themselves more and each member will begin to value the contribution of other team members. In this phase, you will find that the team leader is able to take a step back as individual members become more comfortable with each other and so take on greater responsibility.A potential risk during the norming stage is that the team will become complacent and will lose their creative edge or the motivation that brought them to the team in the first place. The group on a whole is able to make larger decisions, and smaller decisions get delegated to individual team members, adding to the harmony of the group. Outside of the team environment the team members may engage in social activities together. The fourth stage, performing, is when the team members are working at their optimum level as a united body.The group can be described as being in flow all of the team members are contributing equally to the team and as a result of this the team is making excellent progress. When I think of a good team working together as one, I think of the metaphor of a human body every part of the human body is required for the body to work properly and at optimum level, and this is the same as a team working together. In this stage of group development, each group member can help the other members out by giving them advice, instruction and constructive criticism where necessary.Teams that are performing at optimum level are identified by high independence levels and motivation is evident as well as each team member being highly competent and knowledgeable in the aims they want to achieve, and the main ideas of their team project. Decision making within the team is done as one entity and each team member has a high level of respect for each individual team member. PART D (TO BE DONE NEXT WEEK) http//www. teambuilding. co. uk/Forming_Storming_Norming_Performing. html http//www. businessballs. com/tuckmanformingstormingnormingperforming. htm

MacBride Report Essay

Many Voices One introduction An Analysis of the MacBride Report This proclaim on the MacBride Report aims to give the reasons why the circulate did have a present-day relevance in the Internet aided-text message enabled- 4G networked World. Although considered controversial, the heated discussions on the World Wide Web, books and live arguments among conference stalwarts, the MacBride Report has emerged to be the first ever world-re port to have UNESCO support in matters of colloquy and the proble ms related to external relations and internal conflicts.The 1979 discover has had 16 citizens citizens committee members from wholly over the world researching the plethora of considerable means of communications possible outcomes of analysis and the most probable flak that was yet to be received with the New Orde r they conjured up to. Here is a report on the same The background of inception Amadau-Mahtar M? Bow (Director-General of UNESCO) was instructed in the 19th session of t he UNESCO General Confe rence in Nairobi to undertake a revie w of all the problems of communication with relation to complexities and magnitude of technological advance and planetary affairs.He appointed the Irish Nobel Laureate Sean MacBride as the President of International Commission for the Study of conference Proble ms. Several liberal brains from countries like USA, France, USSR, India, Nigeria, Egypt, the Netherlands, Canada, and Chile etc. were appointe d in the important research work. The MacBride report and the study per se took over two years to complete a thorough research. Two months went only to draft a final report. Precisely, eight sessions in a span of 24 months are the meetings that took place of the committee of raft coming from different he mispheres, regions and latitudes.In 1978, in the 20th session of the General Conference of the UNESCO, the MacBride report was unanimously adopted. English, French, Russian, Chinese, Spanis h and Arabic we re the langua ges initially approved to have the report published in. Def wipeouters of journalistic thawdom we re labeled intruders on national sovereignty is a powe rful thing to say, back in 1977 by Sean MacBride. A balanced, non-partisan, within the purview of Objectivity and clearly generic generous to engulf the situation prevalent in the whole world niformly or otherwise was the biggest concern and challe nge, said MacBride. It is inte resting to stigmatise in 2011, the modern culture of communication was pretty much different in 1977. The concepts and the tra pointion of communication to be friendly, collabo rative and cooperative were wide looked forward to. To include every aspect of communication-the people, the expect and the means was the first step that the team of intellectuals carried out in their respective nations.H G Wells said (edited) History becomes more and more a race between communication and catastrophe. Full use of communication in all its varied strands is vital to assure that humanity has more than a historythat our childre n are ensured a future. Sure enough, communication in the 21st carbon is almost paralleled with de mocracy, dreams and yes, catastrophe. Evidently, the MacBride project with 16 stalwarts of communication and intelligence tried to build a world order.A New Order of communication that set up various standards defined the m and punched various data in reference to problems, future value and most importantly, the sustainability of communication for the humanity in the peaceful, war-like or a day in the normal course of the late 1900s even. Indians particularly had a very relevant role to play back in 1970s when the report was being studied upon. Various meetings in different generics, cultural and geographical backgrounds were made possible.This was followe d by various pe rspectives on the communication and its absolute need in nations in the Indian sub-continent. This supported by India? s dive rse language culture and th e need felt by every citizen from the Indian Sub-continent to scavenge and share his language beyond the substantivems of culture was what made MacBride really unique back then. Boobli George Varghese was the Indian who represented the nation in the committee which drafted the MacBride report-right from its initiation to the end result. The Analysis for yesterday? s tomorrow The MacBride Report can be understood with present day cases.Communication and the Society Communication has a set relevance to evolution, says the report. No matter how advanced we are, our roots go back to days our ancestors spent hours roaming the jungles to search for food, retain their race by reproduction and save their skin by being akin to the Survival of the fittest. The report asserts that in every action of the early man, communication-oral, physical, gestural or otherwise played a huge part in the development of the species. The thinking social animal later came to discover the Internet to make Earth seem smaller than before.Hence, from the early centuries of existence to the discovery of language to the making of paper, to the schools and colleges promoting education and to the latest reports on Mashable. com about the human interaction and development has a task of crediting the same to Communication as the biggest blessing. Comparing communication from the days of 1970s when the communication aided debates, lectures, motivated and guided people via books, maps, enabled sign language in a attested fashion to the communication today on agile phones, click of a button, travel, insurance or health, media or entertainment, MacBride predicted most of it.The computers have a major cre dit in the Future section of the history of Communication in the MacBride report and ve ry appropriately so. Communication Today This section of report concentrates much on HOW the communication has/had/will happens. Naturally, body language, signs, gestures were the forefathers of short hand, typed words or even handwriting class children take today. The alphabet in Chinese, Latin or Sanskrit has a self-aggrandising r share of history rather, unexplored.The developing nations have been accredited to knowing more than their national languages because of the economic good that comes their way when they possess skills of a contrasted language?. Beyond economics, communication has been one of the biggest employers in developing countriesthe Business Process Outsourcing being the most recent relevant example. The MacBride report explores various ways in which communication takes place-among the demography of people in different Diasporas in an alarmingly evolving world. Telephone has an entire chapter dedicated to it.Not surprisingly, even today, telephone and its youngest cousin, mobile phone telephony has the biggest marketpractically everywhere in the world. The reason? Communication Proble ms and Issues of Common Concern Everyone has a right to freedom of tactile sens ation and expression, this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interferences and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any me dia regardless of frontiers. The line aptly conjures up the same emotion Sean MacBride uttered in the statement Defenders of journalistic freedom we re labeled ntruders on national sovereignty. According to the MacBride report, there is never a complete free flow of information for several reasons of safety and security, securing important info rmation behind safe fences or for reasons of individual or national inte rests.Censorship could be widely criticize d but it ensures that not all information is leaked, especially the one which does need a non-Wiki Leaks approach. Very interestingly, the MacBride report does predict that one of the proble ms that the world could be facing in the near future? s blatant exposes. The moral dilemmas of the world dealing with (ref Wiki Leaks) would be most resourceful to note and study. In an other present day scenarios, a certain American radio-announce r/ reporter expressed, nervous ness in the presence of Muslims. He was now suspended from job. Such cases are present day cases of proble ms of communication which could be biased, untruth or clearly blurry. Such communication could lead to large tensions internationally, hints the MacBride project.The Institutional and Professional Frame work This is the most interesting part of the MacBride project hinting at various current scenarios in the communication. Considering flavourbook is banned in mainland China and that there are local Chinese versions of the same we bsite are the most relevant examples. Economically, China pumps in social network and blogs by way of Chinese-owned (the real owner being the regime, anyway), censored websites that could ban, block or manipulate information if it is inflammable enough to thrust a wind of free opinion? among the Chinese.The MacBride report does indicate that having Developme nt Strategies and discussing the m on an international forum could give way to debates. It is indeed controversial when communication and entertainment tools like YouTube are temporarily blocked in a democratic India over censorship issues. The Governme nt? s interference in people? s communication is rightfully controversial, so alike is the Vigilance factor (terroris m). The MacBride report hints that the re wouldn? t be a win-win law that could ens ure both freedom and security in 100% of the cases.Professional frame of reference work of communication is the need of the ho ur irrespective of the geographical or historical background of the governance. The facts of the 1970s mentioned/studied up on by the committee somehow add totality to the curre nt scenes in communication management. Hence, the elaboration of the present case-studies. The recomme ndations and the flak received This part of the report forms the conclusive recommendations given by the committee towards solving t he various problems discussed and expected in the near future.However, there have been several criticis ms drawn by the MacBride report. Although supported very we ll by international communities, the United States and the United Kingdom condemned the report on basis of an attack on the freedom of the press. There are reports of US and UK withdrawing from the UNESCO in protest in the years 1984 and 1985 (later re joined). Making communication an important part of development is perhaps the strongest message the MacBride reports sends across the world order. In the curre nt scene, internet has replaced the theoretical communication device.No matter which side of the globe once resides in, connectivity to the internet is considered utterly necessarily in a rapidly informed and fast world. Secondly, efforts to preserve languages must begin right from the grass-root stage. No matter how able the technology, the absence of a medium of communication can disable every communicative tweet, Face book status or a text message. Communication is language. Third, perhaps the most important one in the whole world education. Mere literacy ensures statistical ego-boost to the GDP counting economists.MacBride report hints at education beyond minimum elementary level. In addition to radio, TV and ne wspaper networks, MacBride report focuses its largest recommendation to the ace of the media in trying situations of world/national/local ne ws. The communication of the ne w world is ensured true and fair if the reporting media conjures up enough confidence to call s pade a spade. Utilization of communication devices, research and development and practical upgrade of knowledge are the other recommendations of the MacBride report.

Teacher and Grandmother

Interestingly, the person who had the most impact on my life was my naan. My naan was a retired College Principal, but for me she was always my Grandmother. She taught me the kinds of things that school teachers never could teach in the classroom. Because my parents were at work and my grandmother was retired, I spent a lot of season with her. She was a mother, a grandparent and a teacher at the same beat. She always prepared an interesting activity for the day. We visited museums, theatres, went to the zoo, visited the library, watched movies or just stayed at home and did something mutation together.She always created the proper schedule with the weather and my age in psyche. I loved the way she could find the t ane and the language with me, keeping in mind my capacity. She had a good sense of humor and always tried to cheer me up when she saw lack of interest or tiredness. The biggest lesson I learned from her was how to be a happy and independent child. She let my free spir it wander, making me curious and adventurous. She never lectured me or gave me boring speeches she always found ways to fasten my interest through stories and examples from her life. It were very important for her.She wanted my imagination to grow and explore different ideas and topics in my head. When I could not read by myself, she was the one who introduced me to picture books, and when I went to first grade she sat complicate with me and held my hand during my discovery of reading independently. My Grandmother was the first person who put a pencil in my hand. First we drew and colored together, and then slowly I learned how to form my letters and to write my name down before I started my school education. As I mentioned before, my parents had to work, so my Grandmother picked me up from school everyday.When we arrived home we always had snack and then a little free time before we sat down to do my homework. If I had a difficult assignment, for example from chemistry or physics , we tried to associate with baking as a science, or made an experiment to see how it could work in real life. She never disciplined me. How it worked between us was very natural she was older and wiser, I was little and hungry for knowledge. I admired her knowledge, life experience and her enthusiasm I asked question after question, begged for stories of her life and never let her sit down for a moment.She tried to keep up with me and never complained of being tired and I was never bored. I was the engine of her life and she was the educator in mine. When I was older and went to stay at overnight camps during the summer, she wrote me letters every single day. I learned how important it was to keep contact, communicate and express my feelings and ideas in writing. My grandmother made a huge impact on my life I learned how much I should appreciate life everyday. I learned how I can make changes if I have an open and curious heart.

Macbeth coursework Essay

We know that lady Macbeth is non calm in the beginning of act 2 scene 2 because of all the factors used to create focus and an eerie surrounding, these are it is dark, some one has just gone to murder the king and the owl shrieking. She w unbalanced also be on edge and continually watching her dorsum, this will be because Macbeth has just gone to murder the king, and if it goes wrong e actuallything points to them and they will be executed for treason. To calm her down she has a drink, that which hath made them rum hath made me bold this shows she has had a drink to make her courageous. To add even more(prenominal) tension to this already tense scene the speech speed dramatically increases,When?Now.As I descended? You can discriminate the speed increases allot because they dont say more than three words to each other in this banter at this point in the scene. When the two actors playing this scene are acting they should be moving approximately in synchronised circles around th e stage and express their speech in hand persistments. After this they move onto a different subject, Donaldbain, the kings son. The whole of this scene should be speak non to loud but not to quiet because it is so early in the morning that it is dark, and everyone in the castle a interrupt from them two is asleep.Macbeth then starts to tell chick Macbeth that he heard the two guards and other voices praying and talking to him, Theres one did laugh ins sleep, and one cried murder he is telling Lady Macbeth ab kayoed his hearings in this quote. Lady Macbeth believes him but does not want him to develop on these thoughts and move on, consider it not so deeply. She is now telling him to move on to another subject and carry on as normal. She could be a bit worried about her husband Macbeth, these deeds must not be thought she is worried that he is dwelling on this subject too much for his and her own good, it will make us mad. This sentence is very ironic because in the later stages of the play it comes true, this comes true because lady Macbeth goes around washing her hands thinking in that location is beginning on them but there actually isnt. This ends in her committing suicide. She could also be trying to comfort him, What do you mean? she could be trying to get all of his bad feelings out of him and out in the open so she can deal with him. This could also lead to it being easier for her to manipulate him by exploiting his weaknesses.The stronger character in this scene and the whole clock she is in the play is Lady Macbeth in the way she controls her whole surroundings to the way she wants, these deeds must not be thought in this part of the play she is in controlling she is literally telling him what to think. There is a great warrior who has killed many in battle is putty in his wives hands, she can purge him into feeling and doing what she wants. Macbeth starts to show a little amount of backbone in the middle of the scene, Ill go no more. This is when he confronts her and tells her he wont do anymore when she tells him to put the daggers back and cytologic smear the blood on the guards.Earlier at the beginning of the scene when Macbeth returns from the murder of the king he brings back two crucial pieces of evidence that links them to the murder. The plan was to kill the king with the guards daggers and return the daggers after(prenominal) smearing the blood on the two guards to vomit up them. He does all of this apart from the returning the daggers. When Lady Macbeth realises this she is furious,Infirm of purpose She raised her voice severely, to prove how angry she is. She is saying to him that he cant do the simple job he was told to do. So because of this fault it looks like the guards are innocent and they wanted to frame them.When Lady Macbeth goes to return the daggers this shows us she is not a normal women in accordance to those times, Ill gild the faces of the grooms withal this shows us she is not afraid to st are In the face of death and smear the faces of the guards which she has manipulated her husband to do. This is very strange because when this play was made the country was a very Christian and to murder a man in cold blood was a very serious offence let alone blame the murder on his own guards. Lady Macbeth is not a normal as we know because earlier in the play when we first see her in act 1 scene 5 she calls upon evil spirits to make her more of a man than a woman.When Lady Macbeth returns from smearing the blood on the guards she says, A little water clears us of this deed. She is basically saying that all it needs is a little bit of water to clean their hands then they are in the clear of the murder. This sentence is also ironic because when Lady Macbeth gets mentally ill in the later stages of the play she thinks her hands have blood on them so she continually washes them thinking the blood is still there even though there is none there.The way that Lady Macbeth is portrayed th roughout the whole play from Act 1 scene 5 till she commits suicide is she is an self-seeker she sees the opportunity that Macbeth can become king so she pushes him and manipulates him to think he is the rightful king. She will also do anything to be crowned queen alongside him. She is also shown as very devious and a manipulator this is shown as she controls the best Scottish warrior is like a dog and she is the owner she tells him what to do and he does it, or a puppet master and the puppet. She also manipulates the noblest warrior to kill in cold blood. She is shown most of the way through the play as the more crowing and powerful character of all the characters in the play. I think that Shakespeare tried and succeed in personifying the devil in Lady Macbeth in the way she controls her milieu to her advantage.What I thought of Lady Macbeth in the first time we see her when she reads the letter from Macbeth was that she was an elegant woman nothing like she turns out to be. Bu t after she hears the prophecy about Macbeth becoming the king it is like an on/off switch to turn on or off the evilness inside of her. She believes, He is too full of the milk of human kindness. Meaning he is too kind to do any of the deeds he has done so far. genuine away she is scheming and wanted him to hurry home so she can, Pour my spirits in thine ear. Basically she wants to poison his mind.

American Beauty †Analysis Essay

I had seen the movie American Beauty when it was first released, however it was a different experience for me this time. I was closely examining the interpersonal counterpoint in the movie. The movie is based slightly the Burnham family. Lester and Carolyn are husband and wife, and they have a teenage daugther, Janie. On the discoverside they appear to be a normal family. As the movie plays, it is obvious the characters are all a negative result of interpersonal difference. Conflict is a critical event in the tend of a relationship. Conflict can cause re displacement, hostility and perhaps the ending of the relatonship(DonnaBellafiore). Carolyn is passing self-centered and demanding. She controls the family with her playfulnessdamental anger. Lester is a shell of a man. His self-concept is very low and he is depressed. This undoubtedly due to his lack of communicating with his wife. Self-concept is the idea you have of who you are and what makes you different from every star else(Sole,K). In part of the movie he realizes he has at sea something, entirely he doesnt know what. He has lost his self-esteem due his interpersonal conflict with his wife and daughter.In one stab Carolyn and Lester have arrived at a party Lester doesnt desire to attend. Carolyn tells him to act happy, but sadly she never wonders why he is not happy. In another scope the family is at the dinner table. Carolyn is talking about her day and Lester informs her that he has quit his duty. She mocks him for doing so and tries to get Janie into the conversation. Lester becomes extremely angry, and they begin to blame each other for their lack of communication. Their behaviors not only affect their relationship negatively, but has weakened the relationship they have with Janie. Carolyn handles her conflict by having an affair rather than communicating her frustrations with her husband, Lester. Lester black-mails his boss, quits his job and demands a years pay and benefits. This is one way that Lester handles his anger. Janie and her relationship with her parents, especially her father, continues to deteriorate. Janie becomes emotionaly involved with the new populate and school-mate Ricky. When Janies friend Angela, comes over to visit, her father always gets excited and flirts with her. This upsets Janie, but Angela likes it.Angela tells Janie Lesters attraction to her makes her realize she has authority to be a model. Angela shows no empathy for Janies relishings of negativity towards her father. Empathy is the action of understanding, being aware of, being raw to, and vicariously experiencing the feelings, thoughts and experience of another(merrriam-websterdictionary). As a result of his attraction to Angela, Lester begins working out. He begins to feel better about himself as a result of getting in shape. There is a facet in the movie where Lester sits on the sofa next to his wife, Carolyn. He begins softly speaking to her and useing non-verbal cues r eminding her of how much fun she was when they were younger. She begins to smile, and for a chip you believe they are going to be kind to each other. instead, Carolyn jumps up and freaks out because Lester al near spilled his beer on the sofa. Lester becomes angry as he tries to explain to her that her material things mean more to her than living.The moment of kindness between them is over-destroyed by Carolyns confusion with her priorities and her need to be in control. It is always about her. As Janie becomes more angry with her father, she befriends her neighbor, Ricky Fitz. Ricky is forth-coming and confident. However, he has been physicaly and verbaly abused by his father. Mr. Fitz is an ex-marine. When he introduces himself to people he always says bluff Fitz Cornel in the Marine Corps(SamMendes, producer,1999,AmericanBeauty). He has a need for people to see him as a strong man, having been a Marine. This is his great accomplishment in life. he has beaten Ricky and verbaly a bused him, and sent him away for 2 years as a result of Ricky severely beating a boy, most likely a reaction to his anger towards his father.Franks wife, Rickys Mom, is emotionless. She has no self-concept due to Franks personality, anger and overpowerment. Their house is a cold environment. There is no normal communication between the three of them. There is a scene where Frank and Ricky meet the neighbors-JIm and JIm. They are a gay couple who have just moved into the resemblance . Frank freaks out about the couple. His reaction shows that he is homophobic by his negative comments. Ricky agrees with his father in an effort to keep the situaton stable. Ricky is trying to avoid a beating. Ricky and Janie are building a relationship and congruous close. Ricky has also built a relationshio with Lester. He sells Lester Marijuana . Ricky goes to Lesters house to sell him marijuana one particular night. Frank can see Ricky and lester through the window. Frank thinks what he is seeing i s Ricky having oral wind up with Lester. He beats Ricky when he comes home. Ricky runs to Janie and asks her to run away with him, she agrees.At the end of the movie, Lester is in the garage. Frank approaches him, as he walks through the pouring rain. He has an expression of pain and fear on his face. Lester approaches Lester (thinking lester is gay) and wraps his arms around him in a hug. Lester tries to be comforting, but then Lester tries to kiss him. Lester pulls back expressing to Frank that there must(prenominal) be some kind of understanding. Lester is not a gay man. Frank walks away with tears in his eyes. Ricky and Janie are up in her room planning their departure, and Carolyn is on her way home. She has been taking shooting lessons and carrys a gun in her glove compartment. Suddenly a gun spear is heard.Carolyn has justed pulled into the driveway, we wonder was it her who killed Lester? Jamie and Ricky find Lester shot in the head. Frank Fitz has shot Lester. He would r ather have him dead than risk sharing Franks conundrum with anyone. Frank was a gay man. He spent his entire life covering up this reality, and in the process destroyed his wife and abused his child. After shooting Lester, Frank goes home to his room alter with guns and military memorabilia, and shoots himself. The families in this movie had such poor interpersonal communication that they destroyed each other. It was a schock for me to see such a lack of communication cause such destruction.

Employer-Employee Relations in Northrop Grumman Essay

Employer and employee relations stand m some(prenominal) different ways in which organizations understand laws and guidelines define forth by governing bodies in the respective bea and within the entire nation (Bennett-Alexander, & Hartman, 2007). This paper analyzes the differences in even employees vs. temporary employees and self-sufficing contractors. It go out also discuss the differences between rationalise and non-exempt employees. Finally, it will look at the laws in cobalt and how Northrop Grumman responds to those laws.Regular Employees vs. Temporaries or Independent ContractorsThe Board of Directors and human resources department at Northrop Grumman strongly believes in and upholds the unlike employment laws that view been established and enforced by the EEOC. Northrop Grummans human resource department has provided an employee manual to each worker, which contains an enclosed at-will clause. Further more, Northrop Grumman has an all-embracing workhebdomad comp ensation policy for all salaried staff members. concord to the federations employee handbook, salaried employees who be pland towork 40 hours or more per week be required to receive an extended union of compensation for their condemnation.In addition, all regular employees ar that entitled to receive straight stomach no matter if any over eon has been worked throughout the workweek. The only time an exception is do regarding salaried employees is if they work during a holi daytime or on a Saturday or Sunday. However, for an employee to be able to receive spend pay, that individual must be on the dynamical payroll and not on leave of absence (Northrop Grumman, 2006). Northrop Grumman also offers a variety of different to abet its employees continue their education, which includes tuition reimbursement and graduate study programs and are offered to all employees (Northrop Grumman, 2006). Overall, all regular employees at Northrop Grumman are compensated with various perks, such as a flexible benefits packages thats tailored to fit their individual and family needs in addition, vacation, bereavement, holiday and leave of absence pay.In ground of temporary or freelance contractors, they are treated entirely different from regular employees due-to being leased workers. These types of employees are not tending(p) such things as company benefits packages, incentives and saving plans. Lastly, these workers must adhere to company training, applicable laws, regulations, policies and procedures that govern the occupational safety and health practices (OSHA).Exempt vs. Non-Exempt EmployeesAn exempt employee varies from a non-exempt employee in many ways._Exempt Employees_The first type of employee is an exempt employee. An exempt employee is an employee who is pay on salary and does not get a reduced paycheck because they do not work a certain number of hours or do a certain measuring of work. An exempt employee is given a base salary, which is the annual salary, which excludes shift, overtime and other differentials or bonuses.another(prenominal) item about exempt employee is that they are not subject to minimum wage and overtime requirements as set forth by the Fair Labor Standards Act. An exempt employee may be required to work more than a 40 hour work week without any compensation. An exempt employee can work an extended workweek (EWW). This authority that they can, in extraordinary circumstances, work extra hours during a workweek and get paid additional compensation. At Northrop Grumman, the exempt employee must work at least six hours over the employees standard workweek to be considered working an extended workweek.The extended workweek cannot last more than deuce-ace months for each project or approval by recommending manager, approving manager, contracts director and HR director. When an EWW is in effect, the employees straight time rate will be paid for each hour worked. The straight time rate is figured by div iding the employees weekly salary by the number of hours they are on a regular basis scheduled (Northrop Grumman, 2006). An example of how an exempt employee is paid is if an employee is 50% exempt and has a standard word schedule of 24 hours per timesheet and the employee works 32 hours on a timesheet, the employee is eligible to receive 2 hours of EWW pay. There are some guidelines the can be subject to were the employers does not need pay the employee for any workweek in which he or she performs no work.Here are some examples of the examples of guidelines for exempt employees at Northrop GrummanAbsencesAn employee will not be considered to be on a salary basis if deductions from his predetermined compensation are made for absences occasioned by the employer or by the operating requirements of the business. Accordingly, if the employee is ready, willing, and able to work, deductions may not be made for time when work is not available.Sick leaveDeductions may also be made for absen ces of a day or more occasioned bysickness or disability (including industrial accidents) if the deduction is made in accordance with a bona fide plan, policy or practice of providing compensation for loss of salary occasioned by both sickness and disability.Jury dutyDeductions may not be made for absences of an employee caused by jury duty, attendance as a witness, or temporary military leave. The employer may be offset by any amount received by an employee as jury or witness fees or military pay for a particular week against the salary due for that particular week without loss of the exemption (Health, 2008, para, 4)._Non-Exempt Employees_Another type of employee is the non-exempt employee. One on the more known reasons is that the non-exempt employee is paid hourly. Non-exempt employees are only paid for hours they have worked. While an exempt employee is paid on salary and gets paid the same amount every week, no matter how many hours they work. This means if they work over 40 h ours a week they will be paid overtime. This could be a benefit for non-exempt employees because they are compensated for the extra hours they put in.There are no exceptions to the stated laws of the FLAS concerning a non-exempt employee therefore, Northrop Grumman must follow all rules and regulations in regard to paying minimum wage and overtime to these workers. The FLSA demands that every business pay non-exempt employees one and half times his or her regular pay for all hours worked over 40 in one week.At Northrop Grumman, a non-exempt employee will be given plenty of notice at or before lunchtime the day overtime is required, if this amount of time is not given in advance they will consider the overtime worked voluntary. The non-exempt employee will be expected to work the overtime unless it has been determined that requirement places a hardship on the employee. Non-exempt employees are compensated with holiday pay, which is considered straight time pay based on normal work ho urs. If the employee works on the holiday that individual will be paid double his or her regular pay for hoursworked, therefore the worker is still entitled to receive his or her holiday pay. Northrop Grumman also gives a year-end holiday pay to all workers. The employees get paid for an extra 40 hours, unless those individuals normally work less hours if so, they will be paid for the hours they originally work during a week (Northrop Grumman, 2006).Northrop Grumman Relating to State legal philosophysIn the majority of states, employees that do not work under an employment contract are deemed to be at will. Colorado is a state that follows that statue as well. At-will employees may be terminated for any reason, so long as the terms are not il judicial. Northrop Grumman is a corporation that hires all employees at will. According to Termination of Employment insurance ITP H7 (2007), all employment at Northrop Grumman Information Technology business department is at-the-will of the company therefore, termination may be determined by the management and in accordance with company policy and procedure.Colorado has cardinal exceptions to the at-will rule based upon the legal principles of public policy and implied contract. First, the public policy exception simply means that an employee cannot be fired for performing a legal duty or exercising a legal effective. Second, a binding employment relationship may be found to have been created by an implied or an express contract. The contract theory usually arises in situations in which procedures outlined in personnel handbooks are construed as a contract between the employer and employee (Employment Law, 2008).Northrop Grumman has an employee handbook that clearly outlines the guidelines behind employment-at-will and how the company has a right to use this doctrine. Although the information is expressed in the handbook, it is not mentioned during the hiring or new hire orientation processes. The company included th e information in the handbook, which by law is all they are required to do.In conclusion, regardless of the type of relationship that an employee has with Northrop Grumman, all are treated in a fair and legal way. Northrop Grumman ensures this by adhering to all laws, guidelines, and regulationsthat are designed to protect the American worker. That protection is extended to all types of workers, not on the button regular employees. Contractors, non-exempt, and exempt employees are all treated the same. However, not all companies can truthfully submit this Fortunately, there are state and federal laws to ensure that everyone that works at Northrop Grumman is treated fairly.ReferencesBennett-Alexander, D.D. & Hartman, L.P. (2004). Employment Law for Business_(4th ed)_ McGraw Hill/Irwin, New York, NY.Discrimination Complaint Procedures. (1999). Retrieved bunt 16, 2008 fromhttp//www.lacity.org/per/EEO/DISCRIM.htm.Employment Law in Colorado. (2008). Retrieved butt on 21, 2008 fromhtt p//research.lawyers.com/Colorado/Employment-Law-in-Colorado.html.Health, S. (2008). Exempt Employees. Human Resources _About.com._ Retrieved March21, 2008 from http//humanresources.about.com/od/glossarye/g/exempt.htm.Northrop Grumman. (2006). Human Resources Regulatory Employment PracticesRetrieved March 21, 2008 fromhttp//www.es.northropgrumman.com/ourvalues/training/assets/HRReg.pdf.Northrop Grumman. (2007). Employee Termination Policy ITP H7.The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2004). Retrieved March 16,2008 from http//www.eeoc.gov.U.S. Courts. (2004). The Federal Judiciary. Retrieved March 16, 2008 fromhttp//www.uscourts.gov.