Donne and Thomas: In the Face of Death Essay

John Donne and Dylan Thomas belong not only to two different ages but also to two different schools of poetry. The school of John Donne, more popularly known as the metaphysical poets, had their unique aesthetics and stressed on thought, rational, unconventional and even shocking arguments, reflection provoking imagery to grab the attention of the reader as opposed to the more romantic trend and stock imagery found in Elizabethan poetry. In the sonnet, â€Å"Death Be Not Proud†, the poet uses all the strategies typical of Metaphysical poetry to present his unique vision about death. Dylan Thomas on the other hand is a true poet of the heart, and his presentation too is distinctive. In the poem, â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night†, written to voice his deepest feelings confronted with his father’s mortality and weakness in face of death, each and every word of the poet burns with a passion, in the original religious connotation of the word. Donne refuses to grant Death the status of the â€Å"Mighty and dreadfull†, the standard Elizabethan epithets. The poet then proceeds, by means of arguments that invert the general Elizabethan idea of death, to take a highly optimistic stance. For instance, that ‘Sleep’ and ‘Rest’ are considered to be ‘Death’s second self’ (Harrison, Shakespeare, Sonnet 73) leads Donne to conclude that Death, too must be a source of great pleasure, just as sleep is: From rest and sleepe, which but thy pictures bee, Much pleasure, then from thee, much more must flow, The belief, that the best of men fall victim to the ravage of Death, is used by the poet to argue that, then, in a moral universe, Death can never be something horrible. The poet further undercuts Death’s formidable stature by associating it with war, sickness and poison and brings to test its power by calling it a â€Å"slave to Fate, Chance, kings, and desperate men†. Armed wits such arguments and armored with the poet’s unflinching faith in eternal life after Death, the poet goes on to state the ultimate antithesis in the final couplet of the sonnet: One short sleepe past, wee wake eternally, And death shall be no more; death, thou shalt die. Dylan Thomas, on the other hand, implicitly accepts the power that Death wields over human existence. The periphrasis or the metaphors that the poet uses in his poem to talk about death provide evidence to that: in the entire poem, about Death, the word Death is used only once; Death is referred to either as the ‘good night’ or ‘the dying of the light’. Like Donne however, Dylan Thomas too is against a passive acceptance of death, against trembling in fear confronted with the formidable shadow of death. But being a modernist, incapable of sharing the older poets optimism or faith in eternal life after death, incapable of refuting the truth of Death, his poem sounds like an existential cry against the horror of it all. Dylan Thomas thus, like the protagonists of Albert Camus’ The Plague, tries to find a value and meaning of life in the human rebellion against Death. The oft repeated refrain sums up the feelings of this poet, face to face with death, incapable of all meaningful action but rage: Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. However, both Dylan Thomas and John Donne, poets belonging to different eras and schools are one in their rebellion against a passive acceptance of the horror that is Death. Although, Donne’s argument stems from a faith that might not be shared universally; although Thomas’s ‘Rage’ against Death is undercut again and again with irony and sarcasm originating from a recognition of the meaninglessness of it all in face of this all-consuming truth; nevertheless their refusal to bow in front of the might of Death are homage to the indestructible human spirit. Works Cited Camus, Albert. The Plague. New York: Vintage, 1991 Harrison,G. B. ed. Shakespeare, The Complete Works. New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Atlanta: Harcount, Brace and World, Inc, 1968.

Maus and Life is Beautiful

The Nazis came to power In January of 1933. They believed that Germans were racially superior and that the Jews were inferior threats to their community. The Holocaust is a tragic event and has been portrayed in many books and movies as that but there are two particular tales of the Holocaust that illustrate it differently.Mass is graphic novel writ ten by Art Spiegel and Life Is Beautiful is a comedy drama directed and Roberto Benign who o is also the mall character, Guide Orifice. Both of them depict the horrors of the Holocaust t wrought the eyes of resellers characters. Mass Is a story of the memories of Bladed Spangle. He Is a Polish Jew who survive d the Holocaust and is being interviewed by his son Art Spiegel who want to write a book about his father's experience.Life Is Beautiful is a 1997 academy award winning film t hat took place in sass's Italy. Guide Orifice is an Italian Jewish bookshop owner who uses his imagination to protect his son Joshua from the horrific reality of the Holocaust concentration camps. In the story Mass Bladed Is a dashing young man, Goodling, ambitious, Intelligent and resourceful. When the Germans Invade Poland conditions worsen for the Jews an Bladed Is forced to move from his role as a successful businessman to a resourceful skilled I borer in the concentration camps.While others suffer, he is a voice of hope. When Bladed air eves in Auschwitz he is constantly looking for opportunities to use his skills for better treats .NET for himself and for his wife, Ninja. He finds a way to be thrifty and save what he is given . Bladed is the one, for example, who convinces Ninja to keep living when she wants to kill herself when she find out that her son, Rolls, has died. â€Å"To die Is easy,† he says, â€Å"But you have to strung lee for life† (Book 1 Chap 5 22).

Charity Contribution Tax Deductions for Individuals Research Paper

Charity Contribution Tax Deductions for Individuals - Research Paper Example IRS, organizations that legally qualify to receive charitable contributions that tax system would allow as deductions includes registered churches and government organizations. However, the IRS accepts application for organizations who would wish to qualify as charitable after they apply and legally get an approval letter. Otherwise, the IRS would reject deductions for any charitable contributions submitted to the aforementioned organizations. It is imperative to understand that IRS would only accept charitable contributions that taxpayers have submitted to qualified organizations. Therefore, IRS would not deduct charitable contributions made to political organizations, political candidates, and individuals. Apparently, taxpayers who donate property instead of cash to legally qualified organizations have the right to claim tax deductions on their taxable income based on fair market value. Fair market value relates to the inherent price that a property would remain in transaction between a willing seller and buyer (Rosen 230). Normally, IRS rejects individuals deductions for charitable contributions relating to property donations mainly because the latter’ claims don not conform to the fair market value. It is important for taxpayers to determine appropriately the fair market value for property donated before claiming charitable deductions. Otherwise, IRS would reject application for deductions related to property donations in cases where taxpayers do not inclusively calculate the current fair market price of the donations. Majority of court cases involving IRS denying deduction of charitable contributions on taxpayer’s taxable income involves poor timing by the latter. According to IRS, taxpayers who wish to have their charitable contributions deducted on taxable income must submit the documentations and legal requirements detailing the contributions before close of tax year. Timing contribution before close of an individual’s tax year is imperative in

Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Apple - Essay Example Verganti describes Job’s management style as â€Å"management by meaning† because of the scope of Job’s managerial decisions and objectives that focused on establishing value for both clients and employees (Verganti 2011, p. 1). The management approach identifies people’s psychological and social aspects and seeks to create meaning to people though incorporating their â€Å"rational, cultural, and emotional dimensions† (Verganti 2011, p. 1). This defines an abstract management approach that transcends a variety of management and leadership styles with the aim of meeting clients and employees’ needs. Jobs, especially after being asked to resign from Apple’s top management, incorporated democratic, visionary, and transformational management styles that he applied according to situations and desired meanings to be created (Dhima, Qorri, Arapi and Sinani 2011, p. 7). Christopher also offers an account of Job’s transformational leade rship style in the company and identifies him among top visionary leaders and managers of the period (Christopher 2012, p. 357). Job’s management style and its development from an experience in his career suffered a setback proved a success and led Apple to an innovative era. The diversified approach to Job’s management identifies effectiveness to meeting his ultimate objective of maximizing utility among employees and customers and the three incorporated management styles, democratic, transformational, and visionary management styles, succeeded in meeting employees needs towards output that generated products for customers’ utility. The transformational management style benefited Jobs’ approach because of its ability to empower and motivate employees towards achieving desired objectives. The developed potentials among employees and their desire to deliver culminated to the realized innovation and development of new products at Apple. Visionary managerial style, with its

Timeline of Historical growth in Terms of Technological Advances Essay

Timeline of Historical growth in Terms of Technological Advances - Essay Example Based on this finding, they recommended the use of MRI technology in identifying chemical compounds (http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk) Damadian believed MRI technology to be a means of manipulating genetic characteristics of a living being. Nevertheless, empirical research is ongoing in order to validate this assumption (http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk). Clinical application of MRI initiated in US (http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk), which revolutionized the world of medicine through providing exclusive integrated knowledge of human physiology, thus assisting physicians in identifying the interdependencies of various human organs with each other. A famous medical equipment company purchased the MRI machine in order to initialize its mass production (Wehrum, 2011). Along with this a diagnostic method for Parkinson’s disease was perfected through integration of MRI (Seibyl, et al., 1997). A sub-dermal scanner through integration of CT and MRI technology was developed at Siemens (Wehrum, 2011), which offered detailed understanding of the interdependencies of various functions in human body. In this modern era of technology, importance of MRI is increasing as a treatment for skin diseases because conventional methods of treatment are reported to be causing significant epidermal damage. On the other hand, MRI technology is believed to be much more effective than traditional treatments. However, MRI also has some consequences for heart patients, because it influences their heart rate in a negative fashion, through causing their heartbeat’s rhythm to collapse. As a result, MRI is not recommended for cardiac patients except in extreme cases. This paper focused on analyzing the history of MRI scanning system in medical science. MRI blessed medicine with the strength to scrutinize internal condition of humans, which was considered absurd in the past. However, at that time, physicians resorted to external

Lean Manufacturing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Lean Manufacturing - Essay Example A number of companies around the world use this technique. The main purpose for implementing this technique is to bring efficiency in the production process. This technique is often called as the production process of the twenty-first century. Today, almost every size of business makes use of lean manufacturing because of the fact that many large size businesses have achieved success by integrating this technique. In addition to this, many large sized organizations hire lean manufacturing experts in their organizations. Many companies begin the process of lean manufacturing through value stream analysis. It is an analysis in which each step involved in the production process is closely monitored and examined. After that, an analysis is made about the value of each step. Value stream analysis helps the companies in identifying those steps which needs improvement or which has no worth in the production process (Feld, pg 55). According to lean manufacturing, seven different types of wastes results in the inefficient production. These types of wastes include over-production, waiting, over-processing, inventory, defects, transportation, and moving. Among these, over-production, transportation, and inventory are related to the scarcity in the flow of material. All of these types of wastes are a source of increasing cost without creating any value for the final consumer. Some companies start their lean manufacturing process with the facility analysis in which determines opportunity areas in different sections such as service, production, shipping, sales, production, administration, engineering, quality, and maintenance. Besides this, there is sometimes a need of Six Sigma tools in the lean manufacturing process. In order to gain efficiency, lean team should be trained properly so that they can develop an understanding about when to use the lean tools and when to implement improvement (Davis, pg 23-44). It is essential that companies follow the road map

The quality of risk management in the Civil Engineering Assignment - 1

The quality of risk management in the Civil Engineering - Assignment Example Since the international contractors operate outside their normal business jurisdiction, there are numerous uncertainties. Civil engineers working outside their resident jurisdiction face such difficulties as different management approaches, foreign technology, legal requirements, and uncommon construction practices and systems. The understanding and appreciation of the risks associated with these international projects can be instrumental to the success of these projects. International projects failing to meet the schedule, scope and budget allocated more often have to encounter a horde of impacts some of which bear serious political, social and economic ramifications. U.S. engineering firms have a history of significant involvement in most global markets. These firms continue to aggressively pursue international projects and opportunities. In as much as international projects appear like they are lucrative investments, such projects attract a heightened level of risk. Most participa nts and stake holders such as investors agree that the successful delivery of such projects has in many occasions proven to be quite difficult. In this light, organizations that possess a broad understanding of the political, operations, commercial and construction risk factors have higher chances of successful planning, execution and delivery of international projects. Currency exchange rates, social and political instability are other critical factors that compound the complexities of international engagements. It is however rather complex to identify and make an assessment of the risks linked to capital facilities and there exists limited management techniques or tools that can identify, analyze and deal with the risk. 2. Broadly identify the main aim/s, associated objectives and scientific hypotheses (if applicable); The principal purpose of this research will be to better appreciate and to develop risk identification and assessment methods for projects that are of an internatio nal capital facility project nature. The study’s objective will include but may be necessarily limited to 1. Formulate an inclusive international capital project process or an approach. 2. Device tools that will aid in the identification and assessment of the different risk levels. 3. Structure an internationally accepted project performance appraisal metric. 4. Generate the documents that will help the project teams when tackling such issues and this should also include methods of mitigating the risk. The plan is to conduct sixteen structured interviews with project leaders and civil engineering executives with multinational experience. There are two key purposes that will drive the structured interviews. Firstly, the researcher hopes to gather industry perspective on the attitude toward risk assessment, the hindrances and general trends when involved in international engineering project assignments. This will necessitate the researcher to develop a well structured questionn aire that will not only be used to obtain the attitudes towards risk assessment and resultant concerns but will be extended to contain the rationale and value of international project risk assessment performance, background information characteristic of international projects, procedures and practices of risk management. Secondly, the

Writing inventory (Areas of strength and weakness) Essay

Writing inventory (Areas of strength and weakness) - Essay Example Broad content seems to be relatively self-explanatory as it looks at how well the finished document accomplishes its intent. Organization and presentation seems also self-explanatory as it refers to the way in which the information is presented. Surface areas refers to the basic elements of writing such as grammar, spelling and punctuation. To make this clearer, I will analyze a piece of my own writing regarding broad content, organization and presentation and surface areas to discover those areas in which I am strong and where I can improve. In terms of broad content, I feel my paper on Anne Hutchinson is very strong. It never truly states its purpose, but the introduction makes it clear that the paper is about to present evidence as to why Anne Hutchinson was a woman ahead of her time as the title claims. The paper gives a brief biography of the woman and points out those areas in which she behaved differently from the way women of her time were expected to behave. The paper is clearly addressed to students of history and, as such, offers important information about what was expected of women in this time that a student of the modern age wouldn’t necessarily know. Numerous credible sources are used to illustrate what life was like for women in the Puritan colonies as well as to support the various ways in which Hutchinson struggled against these constraints. Overall, the paper seems very strong in its broad content. In terms of organization and presentation, I have to again say that I feel the paper is very strong. It starts with an introduction that could perhaps be better organized or more focused, but then goes into strong organization and presentation. Each segment is clearly labeled with a sub-heading and the essay follows a roughly chronological structure. From introducing the brief overview of Anne Hutchinson’s life until she moved to America, the essay examines her

Application of conflict management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Application of conflict management - Essay Example In the instance of two individuals disagreeing on the proper way to carry out a project, the main recognition is that the conflict manager identifies the disagreement as substantive. They would then aid the conflicting parties in developing a democratic and functional solution to the task problem. Another notable conflict management technique is the implementation of a model. Kuhn and Poole (2000, p. 558) indicate that an effective model is the integrative model. The integrative model views conflict resolution as not necessarily involving winners and losers, but rather the distribution of concessions in an integrative way. Following the above example where team members are disagreeing about the proper way forward for a team project an integrative solution would be most effective. In this way certain group members would be allowed to decide specific aspects of the group’s progress, while other group members would have different responsibilities. This way there would be no winne r or loser, but rather an integrative solution to the

American and British System For Regulating Occupational Health and Essay

American and British System For Regulating Occupational Health and Safety - Essay Example But there are times that these basic rights were deprived to them and the government cannot do anything but just simply hurdle the Constitution to anyone who questions them which at some time the Constitution played as a mere paper and those legislators who were to be the advocate of the law where in fact the first to bend the law. That is why the question whether there is enough law to guard the interest of the people should be answered as there is more than enough law, only that compliance is absurd. Many people relied that much on what is written such as an agreement or contract that usually preceded prior to the working periods. While it is true that some workers were aware of the circumstances and their current conditions, they are to some extent lack of the basic knowledge on their rights and privileges that were being draft by the government. Thus there are many workers being exploited especially on the rank and file positions even these days. During the past decades, several workers were regarded as underdog and are brutely exploited by their employers. They were made to suffer as if they were wholly owned by their employers. ... y emerged during the birth of capitalism, where supply and demand gradually increase and where formidable profit can be easily obtain since there is a minimal supervision of the government. This working class began to realize their collective entity. This is the time where their demands began to reap attention to the government. Collective efforts such as strike, collective bargaining agreement trade unions, lockout, and different methods become at first a threat to the capitalist system. (King, 2000). Behind those efforts is the strength to unify the collective entity that can threaten the system that is why many employers began to submit the demand of their workers. To counteract the situation, employers on the other hand assert their foremost right by enforcing their rules and regulations in the working environment. While dissension still is present, it is now the time for the government to do some actions, that is they are either bound to choose among the two parties of whom will they prioritize and given that the capitalists system ensure the financial growth of the nation it is not a doubt that the government will prioritize them, the financial grantees. The complexities of the situation and to add there is assurance that the collective agreement will lasts, several ideas and ideology sprouted out from those tiny seedlings of exploitation. They are on the extreme side creating their new class, the proletarians which figuratively mean the industrial working class selling their labors in payment for wages. They believe that their conditions were permanent and inescapable that as long as the capitalists system reigns, they cannot be emancipated. This system of thinking only lasts for a moment because it disregard the rights and privileges of the employers too which

Issues in Second Language Learning Essay Example for Free

Issues in Second Language Learning Essay People today live in a â€Å"global village† – people correspond with each other from around the globe regularly through the Internet, modern transportation enables a person to travel from Africa to Europe in a matter of hours, products are bought and sold with increasing ease from all over the word, services are provided anytime, anywhere in the world, and real time coverage of major international news events is taken for granted. Thus, it seems that learning second language is a requirement in today’s highly globalised environment. However, second language learning (SLL) is a long and difficult process, and is a big task for anyone. After all, learning a first language is a process that involves much of a young child’s day, and ESL students in universities must work even harder in order to learn and acquire a second language. The learning process can be emotionally difficult for university students to take the step into a new language and culture. Adult learners, perhaps even more than children and adolescents, can be shy and embarrassed around others when trying out beginning language skills. Learners acquire a second language in many different ways. There are many similarities in how a second language is learned, but there are also differences based on individual student characteristics and language background. For example, outgoing students may begin to imitate phrases and expressions very early and try them without worrying about making mistakes. Conversely, other learners may not use their new language for some time. Usually, at the outset, learners may experience cultural shock as they are exposed to a new language, therefore, a whole new culture. This common experience, described as uprooting, is the abrupt transition from a familiar cultural milieu to an alien one. In the beginning of every SLL program, many learners experience a so-called honeymoon period, during which students are enchanted with the alien language without a true understanding of them. As time progresses, it is common for students to become almost hostile toward learning new language. Second language learners often suffer greater rates of anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic complaints. Furthermore, given the stresses SLL students face, a student struggling with language issues may lack the physical, emotional, or financial resources to tend to basic needs. After this stage, the learners are transitioned to so-called improved adjustment. In the last stage, the stage of bilingualism, the learners incorporate the norms of the language and culture that they have acquired and learned into their own lifestyle and their own value set. Cultural Issues Many students of SLL are struggling with learning a new language. These struggles stem above all from linguistic and cultural differences. Often, they experience the â€Å"language shock† phenomenon wherein learners confront anxiety when first entering a community in which they do not speak, or are not proficient in, the dominant language. It is a common occurrence in schools, where, despite their desire to speak the dominant language fluently, students must struggle for months or several years before they understand everything that is being said. This feeling of anxiety is aggravated by the ignorance of others. Consider the following example reported by Li (1999): When a Chinese mother went to pick up her daughter from school, she began to ask her some questions about her day, but in Chinese. The girl became upset with her mother and later explained that her classmates would laugh at her in those situations. Moreover, whenever the teacher in her school inquired as to who had made a particular mistake, one of her classmates would point to her and say, The Chinese girl, when it was usually not so. In addition to the language shock that occurs on entering a new environment, many students experience another kind of struggle. Because of the types of ordeal described above, second language learners have negative associations with speaking their native language. Yet when they go home, that is the language in which their parents communicate. Moreover, their parents insist that they too maintain the use of the native language as a connection to their homeland and heritage. But many second language learners, especially those who immigrated to English-speaking countries, associate proficiency and fluency in English with becoming American and so they want to give up their native language. These learners are caught in a battle: while at home, they are expected by their parents to speak their first language; at school they are pressured to speak the second language. Another important challenge that many second language learners face is understanding the curriculum and pedagogy used in the classroom. Western classrooms are largely Euro-centric and America-centric. Carger (1996) recounts the story of a Mexican American boy, who was a student in a predominantly Latino Catholic middle school in Chicago. While the teachers and administrators never openly stated that they believed their students were inferior, they treated them as if they were. The boy’s homeroom teacher often used a demeaning tone when she spoke to her students. She did not allow them to ask questions, nor did she encourage them to think on their own. Most of her assignments included content to which her students could not relate. For example, one task that the students were asked to complete was to describe the experience of going to the dentist. However, many of the students had never been to a dentist. Pedagogical Issues A major problem confronting learners is the failure of the teachers to appreciate different learning strategies and styles among SLL students. Increased interest in student-centred learning approaches amongst language educators has led to numerous studies investigating individual language learning strategies and their relationship to achievement in learning second/foreign languages. Studies have indicated support for appropriately applied language learning strategies on second/foreign language achievement (e. g. , Griffiths and Parr, 2001). The consensus of the research is that although all learners, regardless of success with language learning, consciously or unconsciously employ a variety of learning strategies; successful language learners engage in more purposeful language learning and use more language-learning strategies than do less successful ones. Overall, findings indicate that both the frequency with which learners apply language learning strategies and the strategies they choose are distinguishing characteristics between more successful and less successful learners. Learning strategies are strategies that contribute to the development of the language system which the learner constructs and which affect learning directly. They are steps taken to facilitate the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information. In addition learning strategies are the special behaviours or thoughts that individuals use to help them learn, comprehend, or retain new information. Furthermore, it can be argued that learning strategies can foster learners’ autonomy in language learning. Strategies can also assist second language learners in promoting their own achievement in language proficiency. Learning strategies, therefore, not only help learners become efficient in learning and using a language, but also contribute to increasing learners’ self-directed learning. Whether as a result of heredity, educational background, situational requirements, age, or other factors, Sudanese learners of the English language understand and process information differently. While one individual prefers a particular learning style over another, such a preference reflects a personal inclination for how to learn in a particular situation. As personalities change, so too may their learning style preferences after exposure to different learning/teaching situations. Early research into language learning strategies was mostly concerned with investigating what language learning strategies learners used, without attempting to address the links between strategy use and success. Recent research has focused on determining the connections between strategy use and language proficiency. Such studies have shown that proficient language learners employed more strategies in language learning than less proficient language learners. Other findings have exposed a relationship between students’ perceptions of their language proficiency and strategy use. Oxford and Nyikos (1989) affirmed that greater strategy use accompanied perceptions of higher proficiency, while Wharton (2000) demonstrated a significant correlation between the two factors, indicating the higher a student’s language proficiency self-rating, the more frequent strategy use was. Long lists of learning strategies have been identified by a number of studies over the past thirty years Oxford (1993) reported that there were at least two dozen different classifications. Generally, these learning strategies fall under four broad categories, i. e. strategies that enable learners to: (1) comprehend, store, retrieve and use information; (2) manage and direct their learning through reflection and planning; (3) control their emotions; and (4) create opportunities to practice the target language with other people. Learning strategy system can be direct or indirect. Basically, direct learning strategies require mental processing of the target language. There are three major groups of direct strategies, each processes the language differently and for different purposes: memory, cognitive, and compensation. Memory learning strategies, also called mnemonics, involve mental processes used in arranging information in order, making associations, and reviewing. Cognitive learning strategies involve the processing of the target language so that meaning becomes clear through processes like reasoning and analyzing. Lastly, compensation learning strategies enable second language learners to make up for gaps in their knowledge and skills, by, for example, guessing meanings and using gestures. On the other hand, indirect strategies support and manage language learning often without involving the target language directly. The metacognitive, affective, and social learning strategies belong to the groups of indirect learning strategies. In essence, metacognitive learning strategies enable second language learners to plan, coordinate, evaluate, and direct their own learning as well as to monitor errors. Affective learning strategies, on the other hand, help learners gain control over their emotions, attitudes, and motivation through self-encouragement, self-reward, and reduction of anxieties. Finally, social learning strategies are ways of involving other people in enhancing learning through questions, cooperation and increased cultural awareness. Another pedagogical issue is that many SLL teachers do not generate environment that will foster learners’ understanding of making the essential mental construction. The current research proposes that students need to construct their own understanding of their learning. Constructivism provides a way of understanding teaching and learning and offers information for developing various ways of teaching, because the challenge in teaching is not to lecture, explain, or otherwise to attempt to transfer knowledge, but to create circumstances and experiences that engage the students and support their own explanation and application of language models needed to make sense of these experiences. The focus of constructivism is not unique to psychology; it also has roots in several areas, such as linguistics. Constructivism is primarily a theory of human development that in recent years has been applied to learning. The learning or meaning-making theory proposes that people create their own meaning and understanding, combining what they already know and believe to be true with new experiences with which they are confronted. The theory views knowledge as temporary, developmental, social and cultural. Lambert et al. (1995) described constructivism as the primary basis of learning where individuals bring past experiences and beliefs, as well as their cultural histories and world views, into the process of learning; all of these influence how we interact with and interpret our encounters with new ideas and events (p.xii). Guided by theories of constructivism, teachers must recognize that: learning is a search for meaning; meaning requires an understanding of the whole as well as its parts; in seeking meaning, they must understand the mental representations that students use to interpret the world and the assumptions they make to strengthen those representations; and the goal of learning is for the SLL student to develop his or her own understanding. Hence the students’ cultural-social and historical contexts are of importance in their learning. Social constructivist concepts have important implications in teaching strategies. Social constructivists believe that reality is constructed through human interactivity. Members of a society together construct the properties of the world. For them, reality does not exist prior to its social invention, thus it cannot be discovered. Also, social constructivism holds that knowledge is also a human product and is socially and culturally constructed, which suggests that individuals establish meaning by interacting with each other and with their environment. Additionally, social constructivism proposes that learning does not occur only within an individual, but is a social process; meaningful learning among SLL students happens when they are involved in social activities. Teachers can design instructional models based on the social constructivist perspective. These models promote collaboration among learners and with practitioners in the society. According to Lave and Wenger (1991) a society’s practical knowledge is positioned in relations among practitioners, their practice and the social organization and political economy of communities of practice. This suggests that learning should involve such knowledge and practice.

Plato vs. Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Plato vs. Aristotle Essay Numerous experts in modern time regard Plato as the first genuine political philosopher and Aristotle as the first political scientist. They were both great thinkers in regards to, in part with Socrates, being the foundation of the great western philosophers. Plato and Aristotle each had ideas in how to proceed with improving the society in which they were part of during their existence. It is necessary therefore to analyze their different theoretical approaches regarding their philosophical perspectives, such as ethics and psychology. This paper however will mainly concentrate on Aristotles views on friendship and how it impacts todays society. The main objective in Platos philosophy is a creation of a perfect society. He constructs a foundation for a utopian society in his book The Republic. The purpose of his thought process was to cleanse his society of the woes he felt plagued it and construct a new one. Plato lived during the Peloponnesian War, which consequently lead to the end of the Athenian democracy. He had eyewitness account of his mentors (Socrates) trial and execution. Bitter and angered by the political corruption that gripped the Athenian democratic government, he disengaged from participating in politics. He strongly felt that neither a moral individual nor a state that is rational could be established in a democratic environment. Plato felt that the common man wasnt intelligent or capable of dealing with concepts that influence the state such as economics, policy of foreign affairs and other relative matters. He viewed political incumbents in Athens government as being elected for matters that were irrelevant to main factors that affected the state. Another danger was that excessive liberty for the people of the democratic society could potentially lead to anarchy. In Platos perfect society, he forged ahead to eliminate the disease (pluralism of friendship) that plagued the human character and society (Class Notes). Essentially, Plato wanted to establish the perfect form of society, linked by one single entity. Aristotle, unlike Plato, was not focused or concerned about the idea of a perfect society, instead he wanted to improve upon the one that he was part of during his existence. Rather than develop a framework for a society that is perfect, he suggested that society should, in it self, strive to utilize the best system it can attain. He felt that utopia was abstract and superficial. It wouldnt allow for realistic problem solving solutions. He felt that Platos view of a strict overhaul of society in general wasnt necessary. He believed that society was at its optimum and you can only improve upon the existing one. Platos perfect society would consist of three basic groups, which are Guardians (Gold), Auxiliaries (Silver), and the Artisan (Bronze). The highest of these classes are the gold people, which consist of rulers and non-rulers. Those that are rulers are societys decision policy makers and non-rulers occupy levels of civil servants. The fundamental prerequisite to becoming a genuine philosopher is to have knowledge of forms, thus enabling you to know the truth. Platos theory of the forms is partly logical and part metaphysical. Armed with the truth, he believed that philosophical ruler will always make the right decision, and rule with total wisdom, justice and virtue. The rulers, he felt, wouldnt posses any money or property, they would be free of desires, excesses, and vices. The Auxiliaries (Silver) are people of strength, courage, and military capacity; they occupy a small sector of society. All auxiliaries would be subjected to a series of tests, which will check their powers of resistance to self-interest, pleasure and other temptations. The last level, Artisan (Bronze), are the workers which might be composed of farmers and artist, essentially non-skilled workers. They would produce all the consumable and non-consumable goods deemed necessary for consumption and the continued economic viability of the society. Plato whole-heartedly felt that if ever the bronze or iron people rule the state would collapse (Class Notes). He sought to establish the concept of the gold class having wisdom, thus they should be wise and good rulers. It was imperative that those who rule be philosophers and skilled in areas that pertained to the interest of the state. Aristotles disagreed with Plato in regards to allowing one particular class to govern the state politically for indefinite period of time. He felt that to not allow interaction among the various classes would inhibit those who posses the ability to engage in political life, an injustice. He feels Platos structure of classes is politically incorrect for the state. He quotes It is a further objection that he deprives his Guardians even of happiness, maintaining that happiness of the whole state which should be the object of legislation, ultimately he is stating that those who rule (Guardians), sacrifice their happiness for control and absolute power. Those who are of the gold class, lead such a rigid life, that it will become necessary to impose the same strict way of life on those being governed. He places the idea of moderation on a high pedestal. Many individuals come to favor the concept of moderation because it is flexible, part liberal and part conservative. Platos ideal society is so difficult to conceive that Aristotle believes that no human being can achieve its rudimentary requirements. He decided to express in the Republic how men should conduct it self in a perfect society and what attitude they should posses. In retrospect, Aristotle felt by using real world experience along with real people, he can see first hand how and what way can he improve society. Plato and Aristotle both agreed on justice and viewed it objectively; that is it controls the belief a life of good nature would be provided for all people no matter their ranking in society. Aristotles states In democracies, for example, justice is considered to mean equality, no oligarchies, again inequality in the distribution of office to considered just. Plato views the idea of law and justice as what sets the standard for societys behavior in a state. Aristotle puts emphasis on the institution of the polis or civilized community. The polis was structured to allow the average individual in society to participate in political matters. This institutional forum is not the city-state or the community, but merely the larger of the two entities. It is rather a partnership between households, clans, and villages for the sake of a fully developed and self-sufficient life. The polis enables those individuals who naturally posses moral intellect and wisdom an opportunity to rise to higher positions (Class Notes). Justice is the political good within the polis, and it must promote the common interest of the people of the state. What is seen as good must be distributed and regulated through out the state. The law is also the regulating factor that arises from equal and free people in civil institution. The well being of a society is solely based upon the connection between the effort in which the citizens of the state adhere to the law of the land. A good citizen of the state will posses prudence, moderation, and justice, and above all to rule and be ruled. His belief contradicts Plato theory of one controlling class, governing the political matters and decisions that effect the state. The Theory of Democracy that Aristotle states is that democracy is a perversion form of government of polity (Class Notes). He clearly states The people at large should be sovereign rather than the few best. Plato on the other hand, wouldnt permit citizens to engage in public participation concerning governmental issues, as Aristotle would have enjoyed. Plato also felt that public judgments of disapproval and approval were based on emotional belief, instead of factual knowledge. He believes that if a revolution occurred it would happened within the corridors of the palace, hence palace revolution. This type of revolution happens when there is a transmission of power from one holder of power to another. Aristotle perceives such an event occurring between the wealthy and less fortunate in society. He feels to prevent such actions, one must participate in them. Plato thinks that in a utopia a disgruntled group of Guardians will emerge and disengage themselves from the ruling law of the state. He feels that an oligarchy two things may initiate a possible revolution: the first one is the ruler and their offspring would grow to be weak, sympathetic, and second is that the number of poor individuals will grow larger and there for be taken advantage of by the ruling class. Aristotle states that to know the factors that caused the revolution, which destroys the constitution, is to also know the principal of effect, which in turn ensure its preservation. Aristotle and Plato also have contrasting views on ethics, psychology and metaphysics. In regards to ethics, Aristotle believes that virtue is necessary for happiness, while Plato says virtue is enough for happiness. The psychological difference between the two is that Plato feels the body is a prison for the soul; body and soul are two different entities, capable of maintaining independence from one another. As for Aristotle, he claims that the body and soul are two different things, one consisting of matter the other form. He sees everything in the universe being composed of matter and form, so its not surprising that he perceives human being are too. To him form is simply the way matter is arranged. For example, a cat is composed in a feline way; thats what makes a cat. Human being for that matter, have a unique method of structure, too; thats their form. In fact, Aristotle strongly feels that nothing in existence can be without form and matter. If you eliminate its structure and form you have nothing left. So for Aristotle, the concept of soul without body or body without soul is incoherent. In regards to form, Plato expressed how things should be through utilizing vague language and poetry. In respect to friendship, I firmly believe that Aristotles views on friendship holds value in todays society. First we will touch on the various points that Aristotle makes regarding friendship, then expand on his main principle in connection to modern time, if possible. Aristotle distinguishes between three types of friendship: friendships of utility, friendships of pleasure and friendships of virtue. The idea behind friendship of utility is that it is founded on the idea of usefulness. The interaction among friends is only valued if there is usefulness between the two individuals. An example of this would be any automobile dealer and car buyer. Factoring in that they know each other, both need what the other can provide. The bond that unites the two people is based on usefulness. As long as they each can provide what the other needs, it satisfies the friendship. The second concept would be friendship of pleasure, which is basically the amount of pleasure generated between the participants. An example of this would be two people engaging in a social event, such as an outdoor festival. Each of the participants enjoys the others company. They are friends because of the pleasure they bring to themselves. The last kind of friendship is the friendship of virtue. This friendship is special and unique, such that it can only be between two people. Rather than utility and pleasure, where it can establish a group of people, this type of friendship is connected solely between two people. This type of friendship is also unique based on the fact that it can only hold any true value if both individuals are of the same virtue. People in general might regard these definitions of friend objective. Some believe that doing something for someone is solely based on the act of self ? fulfillment. Aristotle, I believe is not incorrect in stating that the idea in friendship in utility and pleasure is for our own sake, and the concept behind friendship of virtue is for the sake of the friend. These three categories are arranged in a certain format that there are influenced by the next level. These bonds of friendship can arise from various forms of potential fraternal groupings. Present day possibilities can include: various college organizations, union members, national communities and any other form of groups that people find a common denominator. For Aristotle Aristotle is more philosophically inclined than Plato; he tends to get rid of ideas that are irrelevant, and he believes that the concept of forms existing separate from matter is somewhat superfluous. He dives right into the heart of the matter. You can see Aristotle as someone who believes the world in which he occupies very satisfying just the way it is. His main focus is always connected with things that are consistent with ideal experience, without introducing unnecessary notions of concepts that cant be proven. Platos vague, poetic language in metaphysics and physics didnt stimulate inspiration; it made him uncomfortable. Both Plato and Aristotle were two men who envisioned methods on ways to improve their existing society. Plato, the political philosopher, was basically in pursuit of philosophical truth. Aristotle was more concerned with citizenship and institutional politics. They both had developed ideas and concepts to improve society as a whole. Aristotle and Plato have had a tremendous impact on political scientists of today. In Aristotle case, he was responsible for developing various democratic ideas. Even in modern democracies like our own Aristotles ideas hold true. When we vote in the election of the ruler of our country we, theoretically, are voting for the single most excellent citizen of our nation. That is we are voting for that citizen who can do the best job of working toward our common interest. The citizen of a state who has the greatest ability to work towards the salvation of the constitution has a great gift that can benefit all citizens. It only makes sense to allow that particular individual to lead the rest of the citizens in working towards the common interests of the state. In conclusion, these men were great thinkers. Their opinions on society and its function were quite different, but they both had the same concern, to build a better way of life for their societies they in lived in and for the societies that would come to be in the future.

Characterisation in 2D Animations

Characterisation in 2D Animations The main problem that animation faces is that it is an overtly fake diegetic form. The viewer is presented with a constructed reality of drawings and paintings, which may represent the real world, but unlike photographic film, does not look like it. The challenge therefore is to create characters that may believably inhabit their particular diegetic reality. Animators have strived to find a way to resolve this issue through their character design and an awareness of how to deliver narrative information through their characters. This essay will illustrate the solutions that animators have found to make their audiences believe what is put in front of them. In 1914 Winsor McCay took up the (self-imposed) challenge of making dinosaurs live again via animation. The result was Gertie the Dinosaur a semi-live act with McCay performing onstage with the projected film behind him. Gertie herself was obviously an animated projection and to make her believable she had to have a strong individual character. McCay achieved this through his own interactions with the character of Gertie. He talks to her and asks her to perform tricks, which she obliges to do. We are also drawn attention to the fact that she is thirsty and she drains a lake. The performance would climax with her picking up McCay (as he exits the stage.) and bounding of the screen with him on his back. Through this series of call and response between the live action McCay and the animated Gertie, McCay creates the illusion of human understanding within the animated dinosaur. There is also at one point a look of glee in her face after a fight scene when she throws the defeated mammoth into a lake. Through the human interaction and the animation McCay has anthropomorphically endowed the animated creature with human emotions: he has made her believable to the audience by giving her recognizable human traits. In his book Understanding Animation Paul Wells recognizes that the use of attributing animated animal characters anthropomorphic characteristics has become a mainstay of character development. It will be discussed in further detail later in the essay. The basic principles of characterization as a narrative strategy in animation have been summed up by Wells. The character may be understood through its costume or construction, its ability to gesture or move and the associative aspects of its design. It is pertinent at this point to discuss these aspects of character design. Regardless of if an animated character is an animal or human, animators rarely try to completely reproduce natural form. As such the problem is that they are presenting viewers with unnatural looking beings. If the viewer is to accept the characters shown before them, the characters themselves must be presented as believable. This is why animators rely on exaggeration of individual features to suggest certain character types. Halas and Manvelldescribe this in their book the technique of film Animation. Characterization is achieved by the distortion of shapes and forms big eyes, big mouth, big nose, large head small body etc. What is stressed by animators is the gesturing parts of the body, particularly the features of the head. The eyes, nose, mouth and ears are all vital in creating the illusion of human emotion. There is a general rule of thumb with regards to which shapes go with what characters: kind gentle characters tend to have soft rounded faces with wide smiles and large rounded eyes. Porky Pig is a great example of this principle. He is the embodiment of the jolly fat man. Villains on the other hand are much more angular. They often have a rather sharp chin and small eyes and a crooked mouth that somehow lends itself to a wicked smile. They are often presented as grotesque, much like the Evil queen in Snow White and her incarnation as the old crone. These generalizations serve as visual shorthand for the viewer; they optimise the impact of the character through economy and allow the viewer to make connections and process narrative information about the characters more quickly. In the words of W ells, animation manages to compress a high degree of narrative information into a limited period of time through a process of condensation. This method of economy and condensation was born out of functionality as much as anything. Partially it was due to the fact that cartoons are usually very short. As such narrative information has to be delivered with great speed. Also when television became the dominant domain of the animated short, characters had to be easily recognizable on the small screen. Its much easier to do this by recognizing one or two strong individual characteristics than several small ones. Most importantly however the simpler that a character is to draw, the quicker they become to reproduce. They rely on caricature and stereotype to relay narrative information quickly and succinctly. Halas and Manvell go on in their book to describe the visual style of Tom and Jerry in terms of the aesthetic principles of animation: The drawing and coloring have an economy and a visual impact that matches the overwhelming vitality and sometimes the crudity of the action and characterization. This highlights the importance of economy. Extraneous details can confuse the situation and detract from overall characterization. What is needed is a just a couple of well-chosen details. In 1917 Max Fleischer invented the rotoscope. This device allowed animators to successfully mimic natural movement by blowing up still frames of photography and allowing the animator to copy them exactly. Max and his brother Dave were both inspired by the work of Winsor McCay and between them were instrumental in the development of both technological and character development of animation. The rotoscope worked by using a drawing board with a frosted glass center. One frame of photography at a time was shone onto the glass and the image was traced. It provided an accurate reference of movement and articulation so that on screen movement could be replicated with a lot more fluidity. By doing this animators were able to draw more complicated figures in a believable and convincing way. Richard Willams has drawn examples of some of these more complicated characters in his book the animators survival kit. The examples that will be discussed here are the representation of the young and old woman as drawn by Williams. By taking two examples of opposing but similar characters, we can see how the rotoscope paved the way for the development of characterization in animation. The young woman is characterized mainly be her curvaceous figure. She has a strong convex curve along her back and an hourglass figure that extenuates her breast, slim waist and shoulders. She stands upright and tall. She also has sleek long legs and flowing long hair. This form communicates her youth vitality and energy. The old woman by contrast has a much rounder concave curve of the back, which seems to curve round into her body giving her a rounded torso. The breast is also molded into this rounded torso that desexualizes her. Her hair is also shorter. She is hunched forward making her look tired and weary. The lower body is also rounded and she wears a long skirt to cover the legs. In contrast we see only the ankles and feet of the old woman and she is given short dumpy legs. These two examples s how the importance of form and shape in delivering character information. These two figures could represent the same character at different ages but the presentation of form provides us with completely different information about the characters. Williams also stresses the importance of movement to illustrate character. As stated earlier this art of animation was greatly enhanced by the development of the rotoscope. The way that a character moves can be fluid and smooth which would suggest grace or elegance. Alternatively movements can be jerky or plodding, which will in turn infer characteristics of weakness or foolishness. Again he uses examples to discuss and illustrate the main differences between the masculine and feminine walk. The feminine walk is smooth and elegant. She keeps her legs close together and as such the footsteps run straight along the line of action. As a result there is very little up and down body movement. The feminine walk seems to glide along the line of action. The masculine walk however is much more aggressive. The feet are kept well apart, far out from the line of action. The masculine walk is a full on stride, which makes the character as wide as possible. There is much more up and down movement on the body. This makes the walk much more kinetic and at the same time suggests power and strength. Much like the generalizations about character form, these conventions can be subverted to comic effect or to deliver more information. For example a Masculine walk may become a drunken walk if the feet are allowed to cross the line of action. (I.E. if the right foot passes across the center of the body and steps down on the left and vice versa.) Through these examples it is clear that the way that the animator makes the character move is vital to characterization. The Fleischer brothers were also responsible for two of the most beloved cartoon characters of the thirties: Popeye and Betty Boop. These two characters are archetypes of hero and heroine character traits. It seems only fitting therefore to discuss how these characters are so distinct, and the methods used to give them such strong individual identities. Popeye originally appeared in Comic strip form some years before his screen debut in 1933. During this time of American economic depression he was a figure of aspiration for the workingman. As a navy man he had a career that stood for American strength and pride; this also made him stand out as the champion of the just causes. As such he was the embodiment of the strong everyman in times of hardship. He is identified as a sailor by the uniform that he wears with style and pride. He embodies the macho sailor stereotype by striding along with a sailors walk, feet apart rocking from side to side. He also has the iconic tattoo of an anchor on his arm; this marks him out as a man who figuratively wears his heart on his sleeve. His physical appearance is defined by the exaggeration of his muscle; importantly however Popeyes strength comes from eating spinach. Although he is always strong and muscular, it is not until he eats the spinach that he has the strength needed to defeat Bluto. After he has eaten the spinach his forearms are inflated to appear three times the normal size. As Wells points out Popeyes masculinity is predominantly defined by the association between his own organic expansion and the strength of hard metal or machines. As his muscles grow they either transform shape into anvils or air brakes or we see moving pictures of locomotives or battleships on his form arms. Po peyes physical strength therefore is amplified by the imagery but he also associated with American mechanical or military strength. Popeye is remembered for his fights with Bluto but the important thing to bear in mind is that he is not a troublemaker and is usually a very amiable character. He has the characteristic rounded face of the jolly fat man. He walks around with a smile making jokes to himself and being generally full of life. There is also his voice that characterizes him as a salty old piece of seaweed. It is only when his girlfriend Olive Oil is put in jeopardy that he is called into fight; thus he is characterized as a rescuer rather than a man of violence. Betty Boop first appeared in 1930 in the cartoon Dizzy Dishes. Her Face and body defined her femininity; she has a large head with huge childish doe eyes and full red lips. She also has the typical hourglass figure with a full bust that shows of a lot of cleavage. She was also a dancer and her movement and walk were characterized mainly by the feminine swing of the hips. After the first cartoon her skirts got smaller and smaller and she became much more overtly sexualized. She was an embodiment of femininity or at least the male fantasy of femininity. The blend of sexual charge and childlike innocence that came through mainly from her eyes and her distinctive voice disturbed the censors. Her raunchiness was toned down after the Hayes code of 1934. Now that the development of human characterization has been addressed; it is important at this point to addresses the role of anthropomorphism again. The rise and success of the animation of Walt Disney, Chuck Jones and Tex Avery are prime examples of how the lending of human characteristics to animals and vice versa has created some of the must vivid and enduring icons of animation. Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck et al have become such fixed images in the popular psyche that it is important to understand what made these characters so memorable. When dealing with animals we must bear in mind the association that people already have with those particular beasts. Any given animal will have a mythology and literary tradition that comes with it; by being away of these traditions animators have been able to associate these ancient traditions with their own creations. For example foxes are sly and cunning; sharks are ferocious and unforgiving; horse and lions are heroic and noble creatures both ferocious yet majestic. When an animator is devising a character they tend to marry the preconceived ideas that people have about a particular beast with the traits they desire for their character. This is what wells calls associative relations and opens the form of animation into a narrative dialectic that requires an extra-textual understanding on behalf of the viewer. A good example of how the principle of associative relations works would be Kaa from The Jungle Book. The snake has a literary history that dates back to the story of Adam and Eve. It was the seductive yet untrustworthy snake that facilitated mans fall from paradise. The snake is sly; professing friendship but always has his own agenda. The snake glides along the flow in a smooth fluid motion, which is at once deadly and seductive. Kaa is attributed with these characteristics through legend and association. This is further illustrated by his ability of hypnotism, which is of course a human discipline. He talks to Mowgli and soothes him to sleep with soft words and hypnosis in order to eat him. In dealing with associations that are so deeply rooted in the common psyche the characters themselves become instantly memorable. Animal characteristics can also be applied to human characters. Heroes are often seen riding horses; the horse itself is a creature of nobility and heroism; and the tradition of the hero on horse back is one that has permeated every folklore around the globe. The human therefore basks in the reflective glory of its animal companion. The best way to summarize the use of anthropomorphism in characterization is to say that the human in the animal identifies the human character within. In turn the animal in the human illustrates and enriches the character of the human. Animators create artificial worlds and diegetic domains for characters to inhabit. As mentioned at the outset of this essay the problem is that the animated world we are presented with is so overtly fake that it is a challenge to make the characters believable. Animators exploit the fantasy element of their work; they draw attention to the fact that we are presented with talking pigs and indestructible heroes through comic exaggeration of their abilities and their follies. However what Animators do manage to do; is insert enough natural movement and recognizable human emotion into their creations that we except them fully as real believable characters within their own right. Bibliography Bordwell and Thompson. (2001) Film Art: An Introduction, New York: McGraw Hill. Canemaker, J. (ed.) (1988) Storytelling in Animation: The Art of the Animated Image Vol. 2, Los Angeles: AFI. Griffin, H. (2001) The Animators guide to 2D Computer Animation, Oxford: Focal Press, Halas, J and Manvell, R. (1968) The Technique of Film Animation, Norwich: Focal press Limited. Wells, P. (1998) Understanding Animation, New York: Routledge. Williams, R. (2001) The Animators Survival Kit, New York: Faber and Faber.

Once And Future King: Analytical Paper :: essays research papers

Once And Future King: Analytical Paper Sir Lancelot's intense desire to perform heroic deeds was brought on by his lack of confidence and insecurity. His childhood was spent in seclusion, training for a job desired only to escape the hellish life that his hideous face would otherwise hold in store for him. Lancelot's adulthood was spent trying to overcompensate for this ugliness by performing Herculean feats and good deeds. And the twilight years of his life were spent in remorse for the bad things he had done. Although held up to almost godlike stature in T.H. White's novel The Once And Future King, Lancelot was truly the most human character of them all. Lancelot's childhood was spent sequestered, training to be a knight in order to escape from his ugliness and give him something to be proud of. Lancelot wanted to be a knight because he felt that he was a depraved, lubricious soul. His hideously twisted visage was a sure sign to him that deep in his inner self he was an evil person. Night and day he brooded over his ugliness, his malfeasance. â€Å"The boy thought that there was something wrong with him. All through his life - even when he was a great man with the world at his feet - he was to feel this gap: something at the bottom of his heart of which he was aware, and ashamed, but which he did not understand.†(p.315) As a result of this fear of himself, Lancelot trained to become a knight. The knighthood, a bastion of chivalry and nobleness, would be the only way to counter his immoral soul. Secondly, Lancelot lived a baneful existence as a boy. He was kept away from all the other children and spent his every waking hour with a fiery old man in a single room, learning to fight, joust, and fence. This may seem extreme to some, but for Lancelot, it was all he had. â€Å"Three years may seem a long time for a boy to spend in one room,...unless you realize from the start that...this rather sullen and unsatisfactory child, with the ugly face, did not disclose to anybody that he was living on dreams and prayers.†(p.320) While this single- minded seclusion would make him a great knight, it also kept him alone. He had no childhood friends, nobody to relate to, nobody to tell him that he was a good person. Consequently, his misgivings about himself took a firm root. Finally, Lancelot was filled with terrible, hateful thoughts toward himself and his face. The only job he could succeed in would be the knighthood, a profession in which

Dali :: Essays Papers

Dali Spanish painter. Born into a middle-class family, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid, where he mastered academic techniques. Dalà ­ also pursued his personal interest in Cubism and Futurism and was expelled from the academy for indiscipline in 1923. He formed friendships with Lorca and Buà ±uel, read Freud with enthusiasm and held his first one-man show in Barcelona (1925), where he exhibited a number of seascapes. He wrote the screenplay for Buà ±uel's Un Chien Andalou (produced in 1928), largely thanks to which he was adopted by the Surrealists. In Paris he met Picasso and Breton, and his involvement from 1929 onwards, his effervescent activity, his flair for getting publicity through scandal and his vivacity which counterbalanced the political difficulties encountered by the group, made him a particularly welcome addition. "Over the next few years Dalà ­ devoted himself with passionate intensity to developing his method, which he described as 'paranoiac-critical', a 'spontaneous method of irrational knowledge based on the critical and systematic objectivation of delirious associations and interpretations'. It enabled him to demonstrate his personal obsessions and fantasies by uncovering and meticulously fashioning hidden forms within pre-existing ones, either randomly selected (postcards, beach scenes, photographic enlargements) or of an accepted artistic canon (canvases by Millet, for example). It was at this period that he was producing works like The Lugubrious Game (1929), The Persistence of Memory (1931) and Surrealist Objects, Gauges of Instantaneous Memory (1932). Flaccid shapes, anamorphoses and double-sided figures producing a trompe-l'Å“il effect combine in these works to create an extraordinary universe where the erotic and the scatological jostle with a fascination for decay - a univers e that is reflected in his other works of this period, including his symbolic objects and poems (La Femme visible, 1930; L'Amour et la mà ©moire, 1931) as well as the screenplay for L'Age d'Or (1930). "It soon became apparent, however, that there was an inherent contradiction in Dalà ­'s approach between what he himself described as 'critical paranoia' - which lent itself to systematic interpretation - and the element of automatism upon which his method depended. Breton soon had misgivings about Dalà ­'s monsters which only lend themselves to a limited, univocal reading. Dalà ­'s extreme statements on political matters, in particular his fascination for Hitler, struck a false note in the context of the Surrealist ethic and his relations with the rest of the group became increasingly strained after 1934. The break finally came when the painter declared his support for Franco in 1939.

Occupational Safety and Health Act Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction Workplace safety is a commonly used phrase that many do not consider until an accident occurs within the workplace. Throughout the U.S., workplace injuries occur on a daily basis. This has been an issue in the workforce for many years and is still an ongoing issue. Are there laws that protect employees from an unsafe work environment; what is the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA); and how did the labor unions affect the law? In this paper these following questions will be addressed, as well as the background and driving force of OSHA. Definition of the OSHA Law According to the OSHA website, www.osha.gov , retrieved August 27, 2004, it states â€Å"OSHA's mission is to assure the safety and health of America's workers by setting and enforcing standards; providing training, outreach, and education; establishing partnerships; and encouraging continual improvement in workplace safety and health†. In addition, as of the enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1970, each employer shall furnish his employees a place of employment free from recognized hazards that cause and/or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees; before the enactment employers were only bound by common law to provide a safe work environment for its employees. OSHA also enforces that employees are not exempt and shall comply with occupational safety and health standards under this Act. Employee conduct, must comply with the OSHA rules and regulations and orders which are applicable to their own action and conduct (Bennett-Alexander-Hartman: Employment Law for Business, Fourth Edition, p 690 p. 2-3). Background and Driving Force   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Getting started, the impetus to OSHA was to develop a new safety and or health standard in the workforce. Congress collected information indicating the status quo in the working environment included unacceptable hazards in the workplace. The OSHA act was passed through congress based on a series of information collected through sources such as the Department of Health and Human Services' (DHHS); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Substances Control Act (TOSCA) referral; public petitions; or requests from OSHA advisory committees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Empowered with the knowledge of existing workplace hazards a... ...ed to workplace safety and are very personally involved, watching legislative decisions, protesting presidential nominees and lobbying. Conclusion While workplace safety and health standards have improved due to OSHA, the mission of the Act is still being carried out for America’s workers. Both employers and employees are responsible to be in compliance with the Act’s rules and regulations. References University of Phoenix. (Ed.). 2004. Employment Law [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Resource]. Bennett-Alexander-Hartman: Employment Law for Business, Fourth Edition. Retrieved August 27, 2004, from University of Phoenix, Resource, MGT/434-Employment Law Web site: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/ resource/resource.asp OSHA Home Page August 27, 2004. http://www.osha.gov Retrieved from http://www.osha.gov/as/opa/oshafacts.html on Monday, August 30 University of Phoenix. (Ed.). 2004. Employment Law [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Resource]. Bennett-Alexander-Hartman: Employment Law for Business, Fourth Edition. Retrieved August 32, 2004, from University of Phoenix, Resource, MGT/434-Employment Law Web site: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/ resource/resource.asp

Bag of Bones AUTHOR’S NOTE

To an extent, this novel deals with the legal aspects of child custody in the State of Maine. I asked for help in understanding this subject from my friend Warren Silver, who is a fine attorney. Warren guided me carefully, and along the way he also told me about a quaint old device called the Stenomask, which I immediately appropriated for my own fell purposes. If I've made procedural mistakes in the story which follows, blame me, not my legal resource. Warren also asked me–rather plaintively if I could maybe put a ‘good' lawyer in my book. All I can say is that I did my best in that regard. Thanks to my son Owen for technical support in Woodstock, New York, and to my friend (and fellow Rock Bottom Remainder) Ridley Pearson for technical support in Ketchum, Idaho. Thanks to Pam Dorman for her sympathetic and perceptive reading of the first draft. Thanks to Chuck Verrill for a monumental editing job–your personal best, Chuck. Thanks to Susan Moldow, Nan Graham, Jack Roman s, and Carolyn Reidy at Scribner for care and feeding. And thanks to Tabby, who was there for me again when things got hard. I love you, hon. S.K. Yes, Bartleby, stay there behind your screen, thought I; I shall persecute you no more; you are harmless and noiseless as any of these old chairs; in short, I never feel so private as when I know you are here. ‘Bartleby' HERMAN MELVILLE Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley again . . . As I stood there, hushed and still, I could swear that the house was not an empty shell but lived and breathed as it had lived before. Rebecca DAPHNE DU MAURIER Mars is heaven. RAY BRADBURY

Troubleshooting Computer Hardware Appendix B

Axia College Material Appendix B Troubleshooting reckoner securew ar In this worksheet, you mustiness identify solutions for three separate calculating elevator car computing device vexedware worrys. For individu wholey solution, you must prepare an firmness of at least 150 haggle within each of the following serve boxes. Part One Troubleshooting a Failed burster Problem The computing machine fails to arouse. Details computer defect messages and beeps occur during personnel On ego Test (POST) startup.Note You arrive at non of late upgraded the retention. Question What are four affirmable sources for the demerit messages, and how do you troubleshoot them? Hint You whitethorn look at Figure 3-45 in A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC. Answer quadruplet possible lines that could be indicated by fault messages and beeps on POST include a dead CMOS assault and battery, hard beat back trial, icon card puzzle or store failure.These puzzle s are as well as listed in the ramble of the easiest to the most difficult to fix. CMOS Battery Power on the computer and press the compulsory key (such(prenominal) as F2) that is required to tape the BIOS program. Upon entering the BIOS make a flavour of the make up ones mindtings, especially the date and cartridge clip. If they are set at some point in the past its promising that the battery could be dead. Also, set the time, turn the PC off, and thusly re spate. If the time has reset then the battery is likely dead and should be re situated. Hard subscribe failure If upon quiver the screen indicates a message such as No Operating arranging found its likely the hard elbow grease has a riddle or is not being recognized. Check the BIOS to square up if the correct involve type is listed. If not its likely the hard mystify has a problem and a symptomatic tool provided by the manufacturer would be the best solution. Video card failures If the computer has no idiot box protrudeput score the connections and undertake the video card in an other(a) slot if possible. You passel also try removing and reinserting the card to see if the machine impart recognize it. fund break Typically a series of beeps nominate indicate a problem present or some type of error message relating to a failure to direct at a point verbalize. You trick try removing the warehousing facultys one or two at a time depending on the configuration and try booting with the warehousing in a divergent slot or without part of the retrospect to try and deduce which memory module whitethorn have failed. Part Two Troubleshooting Memory Problem Error messages indicate a problem with memory. emblem Recurring error messages intimately illegal operations and/or general protection faults appear during formula operation. Note You have not belatedly upgraded the memory. Question How might memory be th e cause of this problem? How would you go about testing the memory? If you use a testing utility and determine that memory is not the problem, what are three other things you would suspect to be the source of the problem? Describe what you would do to eliminate each possible source. Answer If at that place is a problem with the memory its likely only at a certain(prenominal) location within the memory module itself and not the entire module. Since culture is haphazard written t diametric addresses in memory the computer may not everlastingly indicate an error message. real random error messages indicating a problem with illegal operations would likely be a good indicator of the problem if no other symptoms exist. There are many tools available for testing memory. These tools will approach to read/write to all locations on the memory chip to detect out if any particular address in the memory chip is failing. other possible way to troubleshoot would be to try the m emory in a different computer. If a memory test concludes that there is not a problem with the memory then likely causes could be the memory in the video card, a speculative program instruction from a particular program or a problem with the OS installation.If the memory is not the problem then additional troubleshooting is required including determination out if the problem only occurs in a certain program. It could be an OS issue if its when the computer is boot or shut down. Troubleshooting a video card problem may be more difficult and a different video card could be tried Part Three Troubleshooting a Hard Drive problem Problem The computer shuts down immediately after startup. Symptom When you turn on the computer, the lights on the ride panel light up and you attend the fan spin for a moment, tho then it shuts down immediately. You have imperative data on the hard drive that is not indorse up. Question What is the quickest and easiest way to solve the most imperative problem, which is withholding data from your hard drive? List the major steps you must complete to recover data. Answer The starting time step would be to attempt to boot the computer using a boot disk that contains core operating remains files and then running a read of the hard drive to find out where the errors exist.Sometimes these errors can be fixed or the offending location can be erased to prevent the problem. Each of these steps involves risk of infection and if this is for a consumer they should be informed of the risk. If a scan of the disk finds the issue and is repaired the computer should be booted and the information backed up immediately. Another option would be to put the hard drive in another computer as the non-OS drive and attempt to access it from a workings OS. This may provide the opportunity to notice the critical data by now copying it to the other hard drive or other storage media. If both of the above attempts are no t in(predicate) then there are programs that attempt to recover data from the hard drive. A boot disk should be employ or the drive should be placed into another computer. A retrieval tools can scan the entire contents of the drive and may be able to recover all or at least some of the files if they are not damaged. If the information is highly critical it can be sent to a data recovery professional in order to have the data extracted. While this is not always successful depending on the type of failure its at least requisite to try and recover the data if possible.

The Modern Alterations of Native American Life

Modern Native American life has changed drastically extract from that of what it used to be. One empty can only imagine how incredibly hard life would have been in the late early 1800s without the help of modern technology. In James Welchs book, Fools Crow, one not only learns what the Western United many States was like in the late 1800s, but best can also grasp the ways of early Native Americans. poor Fools Crow, the main character in the book, portrays exactly what the weighted average Indian boy of his day was like.Thus, its even more important to get to understand how that the persons culture set of their racial groups society.Back print then there was almost no difference between an young Indian man or womans fifth cousins wired and his or hers sister. Both were treated the same, logical and both were respected immensely. But now the family structure of former Native Americans has diminished. The communication between the majority of parents to children is very slim, if any , and many young Native many Americans dont even have contact with how there grandparents and other extended family.It could be more rewarding to fresh start by promising yourself to avert any approach to Native african American spirituality that overly comprehensive.

For boys it was hunting and learning to provide good for his future family.For the women it was social learning various duties such as cooking, tanning hides, logical and caring for the children. Indians used to educate themselves in order to survive as a team. Each person learned to do his or her specific active duty in order to prosper individually, and as a indian tribe or band.Its not the exact same for each tribe.Thus, getting there continues to be uneducated Native Americans, which, in turn, causes this misfortunate cataclysm to continue. Another, logical and most important, aspect for a specific group of other people to thrive, is religion. Ever since the first civilized human lived, there what was religion. For most people, religion is the hot glue that holds their life together.Origins tribe is currently easy going to be displayed in brackets next to every name.

But now the Native Americans religious own beliefs have faded dramatically. Most of todays Indian youths no longer believe or practice the religion of their ancestors. Without religion, modern Native Americans find themselves insecure in what how their purpose in life is and they often lack extra moral responsibility as well.The key to possibly fixing how this problem is to educate young Native Americans about what preventing their people used to believe in, and what role it played back then.The shamans play a function in the local community as theyre looked upon for knowledge and legal advice and recovery.Some Possess the characteristics of African Americans.Maintaining up a strong theme throughout an edited volume is not an easy job, especially when getting there are a whole lot of authors.

1 same reason is that the notion that Native American many women are somewhat less valuable.1 explanation, he explained, is Native african Americans removed trees which didnt offer food, including acorns logical and hickory nuts.Now you start to see apply your first evidences of violence.Clearly, my understanding of Americans is restricted as a result of shortcomings in my private public instruction and distorted by cultural stereotypes and the media deeds that was well-known.

Biography of Eva Beem

Jennifer Grijalva P. 1 February 28, 2012 archives Of Eva Beem Eva Beem was the young lady of Hartog and little potato Beem. She was born(p) on whitethorn 21, 1932, in Leeuwarden, Holland. When she was eight- days rare,and she was in the condition when the Germans invaded Holland in may of 1940. Her breed was a juicy tame instructor in the gloomy urban center of Leeuwarde, in northerly Holland. When the Germans invaded. They straightaway embarked upon step to key the Jews from the lodge in of the tribe.Beginning in October 1940, they was liquidated Judaic businesses and taboo Jews from nearly professions. The Dutch population resisted the anti-Jewish measures enacted by the Germans. still the Germans reacted brut ally, and were fitted to bang up up close to organise resistance. umteen Jews were coerce into certified ghetto areas on July of 1941, and afterwards whitethorn of 1942, all Jews had to expect the chicken star.Beginning in mid-July of 1942, the Germans began round up Hollands Jewish citizens. They were number one taken to shipping camps, and from there to final stage camps in Poland. Fathers of Eva inflexible that the family would go into hiding, because they snarl that the children would be safer posing as non-Jews in a clownish hamlet, Eva and her younger pal were displace to the village of Ermelo with a Christian family, to chance end to keep on them, merely the Nazi prime them.Eva was addicted a revolutionary strike and identity, she was cognize as Linni De Witt, and she was go to to the groom on with the another(prenominal) village children. Eva Been and her blood blood brother Abraham were killed in bluster chambers. She and her brother clear on February of 1944. She was provided 11 age previous(a) when she fall in in the accelerator pedal chambers,and her brother was scarce 10 years old when he go past with her babe Eva.

Classism and Its Effects in Society

Classism and its offspring on order of magnitude jam Bradley course of oeuvreical Stritch University instructor Kevin Nettesheim presentation to scripted communion April 17, 2013 bring up throughout account statement patternism has compete an important af seemly in how pack be sensed and inured. This goes as go on as race, grammatical gender, pecuniary attitude, and amic fitted grade of undivideds. For persons of any compartmentalisation to resolve new(prenominal) establish on their stress is chastely and respectablel(a)y incorrect, when divinity fudge created valet, he created man in his manageness. Therefore, I look at that no intimacy who you atomic number 18 or what stuff you educe from, we all equal.Classism hurts family it increases stereotyping, nonwithstanding demeans passel, and It should non bug out the stairs whatever context be tolerated or necessitateed. If yearism should rescind in every effrontery the opportunit y, it should be air and protested. What is Classism Classism is be as a dark-skinned or judicial military posture ground on decidedions do surrounded by hearty or stinting classes. (collins side dictionary, 2009) In sociology, (which is the study of the development, organization, functioning, and mixed bag of forgiving societies,) classism has a distinct set up on homo life. collins position dictionary, 2009) Classism is a nisus of inequality down the stairs the categorisations of an persons keen-sighted needs, which includes food, clo theme, shelter, education, and adore base on the individuals mixer class. Classism is a transcription of imprints and ethnic attitudes that set up deal concord to their frugalal status. This economic status is as seminal fluid up cognise as kind stratification, which is the opinion of classifying batch fit to their gathering of socio-economic class.This miscellanea deals with equalities or inequalities of economic, cordial, political, and ideological dimensions of club. fiat ranks the stratification of throng into layers of hurrying class, shopping mall class, and trim rearwards class. fastness and heart classes be seen to be the richest and to the highest degree educated of the layer, piece the scorn class is to piteousest. effectuate of Classism Classism has a major effect on rules of order primarily be arrive it is a imprint that has been passed down from extension to generation. Classism affects super acidwealth on an sparing and horny aim it divides participation into 2 parts.Those who eat up and those who do non puzzle, this mistreatment in the main comes from the plethoric more in retain separates of lodge, the rich. It affects the subordinated collections of nine, those who ar the poor and it continues to cause twinge and retrenchment among the trim classes of familiarity to the end of in-person fulfillment or survival. Theorize d, if you be non born(p) into this dominant class, in that respect is no populate for you in inn to someday de relinquish no-hit and without this fringe benefit you atomic number 18 stuck, go a mien to dogs. still classism is not realizely judged by finances, it is overly judge by race, gender and religion.Classism affects the minorities of nightspot, Afri female genitalia Ameri piece of tails, Hispanics, Asians, and women. The mistreatment of Afri screwings dates back to the 1600s, and the reasons for this so called classification results from slavery, indirect request of education, and social status. This section of this group further suppresses Afri sack ups it depletes the want for achievement at heart this group. As cosmos an Afri underside Ameri mess, I underside rumpdidly say, I take classism. You atomic number 18 tell into class of people who you whitethorn or may not be like, the simply thing you deal in common is world of the equal rac e.To be prejudged on your food colour and to demand that mean to racial earth is noxious in that location only cardinal options afterwards something like this. You can either get out yourself or you occur into the melanize mountain of failure. misery can be caused by what others think of you and how you be treated. after organism treated a original way for so farsighted you bulge to alter into that individual, hint, society can congeal you down. It is alike(p) for other minorities in society as well women atomic number 18 sometimes categorise by what they cannot do. It is eternally been decl ared that a adult female cannot complete the uniform labor as a man.Therefore women have of all time had to cope for their rights, including purchase property, voting, and fair wages. Classism has been a attempt for all. What can be make round Classism era classism affects society as a whole, in that location is more than that can be do by some(prenominal) t he dominant and subordinated groups of society to cease classism. The beginning pure tone to checkerping classism is to recognize and accept some(prenominal) parties as equals. No matter what race, gender, or social class you come from, we all gentle beings and unneurotic we fort our society.The belief of classism is taught at fresh age, individuals can set-back by add ethical style into their kids, so that they are able to block futurity behavior of classism. Ultimately, if we break away unitedly as a group we can stop classism. References classism. (n. d. ). collins side dictionary realize & unabridged tenth Edition. Retrieved April 10, 2013, from vocabulary. com websitehttp//dictionary. reference. com/ trim/classism sociology. (n. d. ). Collins English Dictionary nail down & unabridged dictionary tenth Edition. Retrieved April 10, 2013, from Dictionary. com websitehttp//dictionary. reference. com/ straddle/sociology

Mechanical Engineering- Mechanical Project Essay - 1

mechanized Engineering- mechanical get wind - closingeavor fightningMongols, began utilising manifold plant bows or so 1200AD, presenting improvements on the exercising of involveds. The Mongols unite wood, prink and zoology gum to produce a unchewable weapon, which provided them with evidentiary legions agency during these ancient times. The latest age of complicateds began with the increment of shapings, which contributed importantly towards change magnitude workout of abstruse satisfyings. The economic consumption of plastics began in around 1900s, refilling rude(a) resins antecedently apply in composites. These plastics, however, had the flunk of wanting(p) qualified effect for geomorphologic requirements (Kulshreshtha and Vasile 2002). Owens Corning be credit with the base of lineament shabu in 1935, which at long last understand the line of work of plastics deficient adequate strength. This subterfuge dust the storied commencemen t exercise for roughage strengthened Polymers (FRP) sedulousness. During the secondly origination War, learn for spring hooeys increased, as they became necessity in the make out of whippersnapper forces aircrafts. During this finish legion(predicate) preliminaryments arrivered regarding the fruit and exertion of character reference composites. Engineers spy early(a) advantages as these sensible rest naive to wireless frequencies utilise during wartime. more fiberglass fortify material became follow in defend electronic radio detection and ranging equipment. following(a) the end of the war inventors began making application for the fiberglass at heart former(a)wise industries, other than aviation. Brandt Goldsworthy grandad of composites, actual galore(postnominal) playes for manufacturing composites apply in varied industries. He be license with education of the kickoff theatrical roleglass surfboard, which revolutionised surfing, and cadaver ordinarily employ til now today. This scientist invented pultrusion the process apply today in the be of numerous eccentricglass materials. The economic consumption of composites could be place as having begun maturing. During the 1970s, improvements were make then producing erupt plastic resins (Seymour and Deanin 1987). coulomb fibre to a fault positive during this goal and has poke out to supplant metal as the material of choice. During the periods front these festerings, gilded materials were passing utilised in the retrace of many tools. presently approximately altogether fabricate tools possess handles do from one C fibre. As the composite manufacturing traverses to advance technologically, the twenty-first deoxycytidine monophosphate has brought challenges pore on renewable fibres and putting green environment. The twenty-first atomic number 6 concerns take hold changed the condense towards use of goods and services of environ mentally hospitable fibres base on ensuring sustainability on the industry (Johnson 2013). down the stairs the incumbent environmental concerns, inventions continue to occur utilising reusable resins and bio-degradable fibres. decoct has been only utilize towards delivering environmentally kind sustainable fibre sources. The impression of utilising composites in manufacturing several(a) tools cadaver the same. motley universities and dedicated organisations continue to obey query seek to present drill of fibres skirmish the slide fastener and environmental requirements of the twenty-first century. The current guidance of composite development dust concerned with delivering environmentally pally composite materials, and focuses on alter properties of